America's Funniest President: Mo Udall Presidency & Beyond

Mo Udall Presidency- Introduction
  • "Two very charismatic and confident figures representing their beliefs... really shows the comparison of the parties..."

    "The election that will define a generation and beyond..."

    "And to think they said he was too funny to be president..."


    America's Funniest President: A Mo Udall Presidency

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    The American presidential election of 1980 would be remembered as a hallmark occasion and for some political historians, the mark of a new age. The Baby-Boomer generation, now having reached adulthood and the oldest starting families of their own, were becoming the predominant voter demographic. It would be they who would help decide the values that was to come and in turn, they would have their values influenced by the president they would choose to lead them in the 1980s and beyond.

    Mo Udall initially was unsure of running for president over in 1980. 1976 saw him lose to Jimmy Carter in the primaries for the Democrats though in retrospect, some would see that as a blessing in disguise given what would occur. However, by 1980, the more left-leaning wing needed a champion to go and run for the progressive values that were held and maintain by those like FDR and JFK beforehand, especially with the actions and influence of President Udall's predecessor had done. The field was filled with competent candidates, but would any of them have the same level of magnetism as Udall would? It was only from the convincing of Ted Kennedy would Udall throw his hat in the ring and through some luck and skill, would rise up to the top, the Democrats united to take back the White House after 12 long years.

    Alot has changed since 1976 when Mo Udall first ran in the primary and it was between 1976-1980 where so much of the events that would lay for the foundation of what was to come that some historians discussing contemporary history see 1976 as a more accurate starting point for the changes of the United States and the world, at least in terms of being a prologue.
     
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    PROLOGUE I: Ronald Reagan the 39th President
  • PROLOGUE I: Ronald Reagan the 39th President

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    1976 Republican National Convention; President Gerald Ford conceding over to challenger Ronald Reagan
    1976 was a tough time for the Republican Party. Watergate loomed over the election, not just for the primaries, but also for the general election. Years earlier, Richard Nixon had resigned with the looming possibility of impeachment hanging so close above his head like the blade of a guillotine. As such, President Gerald Ford was entering with that on his heels, but also the economy suffering from stagflation and the rough times courtesy of the 1973 Oil Crisis. Unsurprisingly, many predicted the the Republican Party would have a difficult time being able to maintain the White House, especially with everything that Gerald Ford had to face. Additionally, not everything was well within the party itself.

    Conservative opposition to Ford within the Republican Party began to surface back in December 1974, following his appointment of New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller as vice president. His choice for the more liberal Nelson Rockefeller as his choice soured alot of people and began the rise for Ronald Reagan as a serious contender. Foreign policy also caused these gaps to widened considerably, especially with actions like the evacuation of Saigon and the refusal to meet with Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Unsurprisingly, when election season would finally come, Ronald Reagan would throw his hat into the ring, challenging the incumbent and the current President himself. Some saw this not just as a battle for the White House, but also for the soul of the Republican party at the time.

    However, even with Reagan's rising popularity, it was a very tense race and evenly divided.

    Iowa and New Hampshire, the first contests, were intensely close, but would be won by Reagan, albeit by thin margins. Then followed a string of victories over for Ford though afterwards came a string of victories for Reagan as well thanks to Jesse Helms' organization coming in to help Reagan out to maintain steam when it came to campaigning, especially with the first two victories. Other close races that would eventually go to Reagan would be Kentucky, Tennessee and even Oregon. This was not even including some of the other races that would be going on. However, the extra victories that came with Reagan's steam would skew fence sitters to lean more toward Reagan and Ford would begin feeling the pressure.

    Even if he did secure a victory, it would be so close that it could potentially cost the Republicans the general election because it would show the lack of strength over regarding the unity of the Republican party. With the reputation of what Nixon had left behind, something needed to be done. And so, talks were had between him, advisers and those of Reagan. Eventually, the RNC would become quite the surprise as Gerald Ford would concede to Ronald Reagan.

    Ronald Reagan would become the Republican candidate for the White House.

    Ford's reasons varied regarding wanting to maintain party unity, a fear of losing to the Democrats, some sort of deal or just flat-out fatigue from what he endured. Regardless, it was not his problem anymore. It was now Reagan's to deal with. Ronald Reagan, with the relative full support of the party, would begin using out his Hollywood style charisma to win over voters and reassure them of the bright tomorrow that awaited them. As a way to further show their new stance, he would choose Elliot Lee Richardson himself as his running mate, an offer that he would eventually accept. It was speculated that Ford not only requested this of Reagan, but that Ford played a part in having Richardson accept the position.

    As such, in 1976, Ronald Reagan and Elliot Richardson would face off against Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale for the US presidency. Despite Carter's initial approval ratings and focus on Reagan as a radical, Reagan was able to use his charm to counteract against Carter and exploit the Georgian politician's gaffes in the presidential debates. Additionally, Reagan leaned on Richardson as a counter-balance and to those who did know Reagan, was a bit more toned down regarding some of his policies. Some believed that this was because even if Reagan would win, the Democrats would likely maintain hold of the House and Senate and thus, force Reagan to the compromising table, especially with inheriting a rather finicky situation.

    Election Day 1976 would see Reagan/Richardson win the electoral vote and the popular vote by a fair bit against Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale. Just as predicted though, the Democrats maintained their hold on the House and Senate and their loss seemed to strengthened their conviction and resistance. Additionally, it also began causing the search for a potential candidate to lead the party after this loss, especially regarding the future of policy. All people knew was that the Republicans would be approaching have the White House for 12 years now... the entirety of the 1970s, defined by them.

     
    PROLOGUE II: The Reagan Administration- Chaos and Condors
  • PROLOGUE II: The Reagan Administration- Chaos and Condors

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    Ronald Reagan, 39th President of the United States, 1976
    Ronald Reagan was sworn as the 39th President of the United States over in the early months of 1977. Despite his victory over Ford and Carter, his road ahead wasn't easy and even he knew it. After all, the primary between him and Ford was close and he likely would've lost had it not been for his early close victories giving him the momentum to keep going along with the help of Jesse Helms and others. Even then, it was Ford conceding that gave him victory rather than getting more of the numbers. Despite that, he found himself now in the White House with the whole world watching. After the troublesome years of the Nixonites, the hope laid with Reagan.

    The early months of the Reagan adminsitration was unsurprisingly slow and sluggish. The more moderate wing of the Republicans may have been dealt a bad blow with Ford's concession, but not all of them would be willing to just go along with Reagan so easily. However, the true difficulty laid with the Democrats, who controlled the House and Senate and wary of what a Reagan presiedency would do, were going to give whatever they had to force down to something manageable. The desire for such large tax cuts in the hopes of stimulating the economy were not met with the best reception and others feared that it would do little to solve the issues with "stagflation". Would people even be willing to go for the large taxcuts, especially with a new economical policy that even several of his own side were unsure of.

    Despite that, he still did well with appoval ratings for the most part. However, then came his first real issue... and first major mistake. Panama and the Canal that have been a source of tension between the United States and Panama.

    Panama would experience a change in government following a 1968 military coup. The new government was consolidated under Omar Torrijos, who went forward to reject the 1967 treaty regarding the In response to a lack of progress of negotiations with the Nixon administration years ago, the Torrijos government succeeded in holding a March 1973 United Nations Security Council session in Panama City, where it attracted considerable international support for its cause. While Carter had been sympathetic to the cause back when he ran, Reagan was not and he had the support of the various hardliners within his party regarding the Panama Canal. To them, the idea of letting go of the Panama Canal and giving it to Panama would be see as the surrender of a strategic American asset to what they characterized as a hostile government. In fact, it was infamously stated by Senator Strom Thurmond in a speech regarding the discussion of the canal: "The canal is ours, we bought and we paid for it and we should keep it."

    Unsurprisingly, this turned out to be prime fodder for the newsmedia and for the Democrats to use against the Republicans. Viewed as a classic example of American gunboat diplomacy, the question of the Canal would begin growing, especially as Torrijos would begin pushing for renegotiations, especially through the United Nations. It provided growing sympathy over to Panama in trying to secure a fair piece of infrastructure on their land while the US, under the shadow of what happened with Nixon, was painted somewhat as the antagonizer. It also began reflecting the ugly influence that the Americans had over in Central America, at least going back as far back as Nixon. Gradually, more and more Americans grew intrigued by it though sides haven't been formed yet over what happened.

    A gloomy shadow was being cast over this. Reagan doubled down on it, unmoved by Torrijos' words or actions or even that of his colleagues to at least try and make better arrangmenets on the matter. In fact, Reagan began accusing Torrijo of being a full-blown communist and being aligned with them, despite no real evidence to it. While the hardliners applauded Reagan standing up to Torrijo, others were noting the ridiculous of Reagan's actions since he was not even given a chance for negotiations as of yet and instead concerned that his actions would actually push Torrijo into actually joining the Communists, something which was growing likely given the warmer receptions given by Castro and other movements with Central America that was growing more and more hostile to the American presence, especially through the infamous Operation Condor of the CIA... it seemed like things would be increasing in tension...

    Unsurprisingly... something had to give...

    Torrijo and his men had a plan developed in the event that the treaty calls and discussions broke down and while the idea of aligning with the Cubans and so on was pretty risky, they were running out of options. However, they still maintained ties and Castro asked if Torrijo needed anything... Torrijo couldn't help but see what sort of explosives could be gotten. No more was said and bit by bit, a growing number of explosives would find themselves smuggled over into Panama through Cuba and they were enough to pack a bit of a punch to say the least.

    Torrijos would try one final time to establish a form of fairer treaty that would give the Canal back over to Panama...

     
    PROLOGUE III: The Reagan Administration- Foreign Fires & Fury
  • PROLOGUE III: The Reagan Administration- Foreign Fires & Fury

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    Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera, Maximum Leader of Panama
    Huele a quemado...

    Torrijos' final arrangement for a deal with the Reagan Administration had fallen on deaf ears. Over the course of 1977, there were fewer and fewer routes taken and there was a growing sympathy toward him from the rest of Central America. For the past several years, the growing leftist sentments in Central America have been growing quashed by the actions of the American CIA and their reactionary autocratic associates, all in the name of "anti-communism", in maintaining the dominance of American hegemony over in that hemisphere. Unsurprisingly, there was a growing amount of resentment and frustration in that regard. As such, Panama was leaning further and further to their most radical option.

    If they cannot have the canal... neither will the Americans.

    This plan had been in the preparations for months for this contingency. Ordinary means and appealing to the international court had not functioned and the hope for sympathetic American leadership had gone out when seeing who Reagan was and the likelihood of his victory. Nonetheless, trying to appear as the rational one was an option. Now they had no real choice. As Reagan boxed them more with the accusations of being in bed with the communists... well, why not? Castro and those like-minded were willing to aid them and all he asked for was powerful explosives.

    Over on before New Years Eve of 1977, a popular radio personality would have delivered what sounded like his ordinary address that night on Panamanian radio. However, in truth, the address contained a coded message to the trained commandos and sleeper agents around the Canal Zone embedded around the country, who would have launched attacks on the gates and dams that regulate water levels in the canal, as well as the locomotives that pull ships. Powerful explosives were to be used to damage the gates and dams that regulated it. Recently, beyond increase the scope of the explosion, moreplants were added in the area for the purpose of surveilance, but also a form of damage control. In a moment of pragmatism, it was decided to try and minimize casualities, with the ideal solution being that without any dead Americans, it would be less fuel for the government to use on the citizens.

    By the time the sun rose the next morning, millions of dollars in goods would have been stranded on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the canal. The gates have been pretty damages and the smell of burning was in the air. Reagan would wake up to the news of the damage of the Canal... of it being inoperable and of the economy feeling the massive shockwaves of trade impedement. Within hours, forces would be mobilized against Torrijos and his forces, who would flee to the jungles.

    War had broken out. However, not just for Panama, but for the various Central American powers as well... the explosion of the Canal was first of many... what followed was what was described as a growing wildfire of rage and rebellion against American imperialism. The rise of rebels against the Somoza dynasty in Nicaragua... the roaring rage within El Salvador and Honduras... and even spreading starting down to some of the juntas... the people were become angry and tired of being the Americans' punching bags.

    President Reagan addressed the people in the news of an attack of canal with unknown casualities (later revealed that by some miracle, Torrijos manage to avoid his plan without American murders in the attack) and the rally around the flag effect began spreading. Despite the spike in popularity though, this would be a very short-lived victory for the Reaganites. The brutal blow to the Canal, while not taking too long to heal, made the unstable economy even worse and with the price of oil, even more unstable and out of control. The rammifications this would have down the line would grow beyond what anyone would've seen.

    Beyond that, Castro and his allies watched with intrigue as the belligerent Americans reaped what they sowed though also were cautious not to fan the flames too much, lest they spiral out of control. They were content to help supply rebels and disrupt the Americans' puppet strings. Europe was not as badly affected by the debacle though the sight of what had happened began causing a reflection for some people. Reagan, who was riding high, now would begin dealing with a large and unstable shift regarding his electability, and for many politicians, this caused them to begin stewing in doubt. To not get too stuck on their laurels and to maintain vigilance over themselves. Even the USSR themselves would continue to learn from the American mistakes regarding the interfering in foreign affairs, especially after Vietnam... what if they needed to get involved...? It was a question that would lead to the Soviets beginning to revise their own strategies...

    Meanwhile, the GOP became more divided within the staff itself. The more dogmatic high on outrage and clashing heads against their more moderate and pragmatic co-workers, lambasting them for their foolhardiness and short-sightedness. Meanwhile for the Democrats, there was a mild sense of schadenfreude over seeing the GOP beginning to catch fire for this and while maintaining strong unity in their resistance and for future plans, the approach for how was in the works. It was becoming more and more clear that the economy would be the key for them... and for the remaining progressives, this would be their main way for their goals.

    As soldiers were being sent to secure the area and to overthrow Torrijos, the cracks were beginning to form. Inflation would get worse, supply lines interfered... no amount of jingoism could stand against the sagging economy... and the American people were not drunk enough on patriotism to keep it going...

    Sooner or later... the hangover would eventually arrive...
     
    PROLOGUE IV: The Reagan Administration- Middle East Madness
  • PROLOGUE IV: The Reagan Administration- Middle East Madness

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    Ruhollah Khomeini (1900 - 1978)


    Foreign policy usually doesn't overshadow domestic policy. While maintaining cordial relations is important, the common voter cares often more about the problems at home and how it affects them. However, foreign policy dictates domestic policy as well, especially in a time of increasing inter-connectivity between the various peoples of the world and their economy. The disruption of the supply chains and the web of economic actvitiy was an unpleasant surprise for the Americans and with the midterms coming up, the Reagan administration knew that they would be in deep trouble while the Democrats salivated at the opportunity, especially the progressive wing, who saw the chance to grow their numbers for future endeavors to push for reforms.


    As such, the Reagan Administration began searching for any means of easy victories or potential other problems within the world that they could try and turn attention to, just enough for the heat to die down or search for future problems that would cause them a sense of strife. Unsurprisingly, it did not take long for their eyes to return to the Middle East. While aligned with the Americans, there was a growing number of people within the Middle East nations that did not take too kindly to having their own governments be extension of foreign powers dictating them, especially with the growing clash of Euro-American liberal values against the religious conservative ones associated with tradition back home. However, their prominence because of their rich supplies in oil meant that they now possessed alot more strategic importance now than ever before... least to the Americans and Europeans. As such, keeping friendly leaderships was important though for many, it was just a different and more subtle form of imperialism.

    Iran was one such area. A monarchy of prestige, it had been tossed around for centuries and having been subjected at the jackboot of the British. Matters worsened with the Shah's power growing as a result of the Americans and English's collaboration in the coup against Mossadegh back in the 1950s. As such, the current Shah was quite friendly to the goals of the West though struggling against the growing discontent back at home, especially with the clergyfolk becoming angry at the reforms he was enforcing upon them. Certain figures grew popular from fanning the flames of violence and contempt, with ambitions of their own. One of those was none other than the prominent religious icon in Ruhollah Khomeini, in exile in a city of Iraq for most of his time. For some, there was a great risk in him coming back to Iran and helping to lead a revolution over against the Shah, a goal that would be deemed counterproductive to the goals of various powers of the time.

    At least, it would've been... had it not been for his death. On an early morning over in Najaf, Iraq, there would be the news of a terrible car crash. It would be revealed by the autopsy that the driver suffered from a heart attack and thus, the car went out of control late of night, careening over and having a violent crash, finishing off the driver and killing the passenger inside. That passenger would be none other than Ruhollah Khomeini, dead from the blunt truama and the bleeding at the age of 78. Unsurprisingly, his death would cause quite the mourning over in Iran of such a grandiose leader though others were a bit more relieved, either so they could try filling in the void or that he was absent. The Shah himself put on the effort of platitudes for the man though it was rather quiet. Then again, it was to be expected. Ever since spring, the Shah had made greater absences and the rumors trickled out that he was suffering from a severe illness. Said rumors were correct, as the Shah was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia back in 1974 and worsened over time. In fact, one of his final appearances was a memorial service for Khomeini, which helped ease his image for a bit.

    With the Shah's health in decline, it seemed like there wasn't much left of the passive and indecisive shell that was Pahlavi. All but a secret. Months prior, he was in contact with the American President Ronald Reagan, discussing the various matters and one of them had come up on dealing with certain troublemakers, like Khomeini. As Reagan had put it to the Shah, he was not to be let into Iran and destabilize it... no matter what. The Shah, feeling cornered, would end up making a decision. He knew where Khomeini had been and that he needed to be disposed of. While there was a chance for martyrdom, that would only be if matters looked suspicious. It had to look like an accident... And so he sent a message over to the leader of Iraq, the Baathist known as Saddam Hussein. While Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr was still the president, his declining health meant Saddam would become de-facto strongman and ruler of the place. As such, it was he who the Shah contacted him. An unknown exchange occurred, but Saddam could see the writing of the wall and decided it would be a good option. As such, it was simply a matter of finding the right person and arranging the right circumstances for an accident... one that few people would ever know about and one of them was at death's driveway...

    As 1978 continued on for the midterms, Reagan saw the news regarding the car crash for Khomeini and felt a bit of relief. Even with the news of worsening of the Shah's health, he hoped that it would not be enough to cause Iran to become unstable. After all, they were already dealing with enough trouble entering the midterms. That being said, Reagan became more familiar with the rise of religious reactionaries and noted that they would become a more immediate threat to American security if left unchecked. He should keep an eye out on the Middle East more.
     
    PROLOGUE V: The Reagan Administration- 1978 Midterms and Beyond
  • PROLOGUE V: The Reagan Administration- 1978 Midterms and Beyond

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    President Ronald Reagan giving radio speech, 1978
    The 1978 midterms were expected to be brutal for the Republicans. While many had initially supported Reagan's domineering stance over regarding the Panama Canal and there was outrage over regarding its damage, Reagan's inabilty to handle the economic crisis would end up shifting the blame moreso to him. Pundits had debated if the entire ordeal could have been avoided and it was noted how Reagan did not even make attempts to try and negotiate the treaty. Others noted that the blame did not fall on the President himself, but also on the various members within the party, the formerly growing "neoconservative" bloc. After all, as the President's advisors, they would be the ones he would look to regarding the discussion over the correct course of action. As such, they were held equally responsible if perhaps even moreso because they were supposed to know better.

    The Republicans seem to be pretty sternly aware of their impending losses and were trying to best to reinforce the places they could and trying to find coordination. However, cracks were forming wider within the party, between the neoconservatives or Reagan Republicans who have been stumbling and the Rockefeller Republicans who saw as this as their chance to try to regain some lost ground, with the various Nixonites caught in the middle with it all. This did not help their image. The Democrats meanwhile were gradually shifting to the left, clamoring for the need of greater reforms and stand against Reagans' stance on government welfare and so on. The spirit of those like FDR, JFK and LBJ left a legacy or progressive actions that they needed to fill and even the more moderate of the Dems found themselves pushed to supporting some more radical policies.

    When Election season came over, the losses came over as expected. Regarding the Senate, Texas and Virginia would see what was suspected to be close races become victories for the Democrats, unseating John Tower for Bob Krueger and Richard D. Obenshain, for Andrew P. Miller. The big surprise meanwhile was the very close race between the infamous Strom Thurmond and his Democrat challenger in Charles D. Ravenel. Many have noted his speech over regarding the Panama Canal and despite Ravenel's own snafus hurting him, Strum took a big hit, to where it looked like it would go either way. Despite that, Thurmond would maintain his seat if barely, with around a 2% margin. The House did not see many upsets though the close races favored the Democrats more unsurprisingly. However, many suspected that it would not be until 1980 that there would be further major upsets going on.

    Domestically, Reagan was not able to achieve as much. He was forced to meet the Democrats in the middle for the tax cuts he wanted, and even then, this was only due to the mroe moderate ones, which had been capable enough to ensure it was nothing ridiculous nor over the top. There was a low sense of morale over within the White House as some have compaed to how aloof Reagan could be regarding the staff, perpetuating a sense of gloom within the area. The after-effects of what happened in Panama had been unsurprising to say the least. It would take months to repair the Canal and it would take three years for the Canal to be filled up properly regarding the artificial lake. Meanwhile, there was guerilla warfare down in Panama to deal with along with in places like Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras dealing with their own increased uprisings or tensions was making plans there difficult to say the least. And most of all, there was the rammifications this had from friend and foe of the United States.

    UK Prime Minister Leonard James Callaghan, who had gotten along somewhat all right with President Reagan and was in communication him throughout the situation. The ordeal caused him to reflect on his own situaiton and the concerns over how the potential economic troubles may threaten his administration along with the general feeling. He would decide to call a snap election as soon as he could within 1978 in the hopes of turning his minority around and try to regain and keep the confidence of the people. Despite the concerns over how well he would, his Labor party would manage to secure victory over the Tories being led by Margaret Thatcher, to whom some blamed for the Tories' loss, especially due to the comparisons to Reagan. While other concerns such as with the economy were discussed, the focus of Reagan's Reckoning of Panama as it would be named served as something as good point to blame outside problems, at least for the time being. As such, the Labor Party, possessing a small majority within Parliament would focus on trying to deal with inflation and some of the potential growing problems with unions.

    Another example was the 1978 Afghan Saur Standoff, one where the Republic of Afghanistan would see tensions between the so-called Daoud Republic and the rising People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) regarding some of the actions that had been going on. It was rumored even that the PDPA would attempt a coup. However, around a bit earlier, the Soviets had noted their stance on maintaining their safety and their stability, with the tone that they would not wish to repeat the Americans' mistakes of getting involved into "unnecessary conflicts." For the PDPA though, the underlying message was simple:

    Do not get us (USSR) into a potential mess like what happened with the Americans. We won't help you if you act reckless.


    As such, the PDPA were forced to a more... diplomatic approach in getting what they wanted. After an intense stand-off and a period of occupation, a sort of compromise was made. Ultimately, the Republic of Afghanistan was forced to make concessions to the PDPA, one of which was the transition into a semi-presidential system, specifically resembling the
    premier-presidential system like in Egypt. While Mohammed Daoud Khan remained president, within the newly-established parliament of the Republic of Afghanistan, the PDPA would secure a dominant amount of seats (though Daoud's own National Revolutionary Party still held some ground) and for the premier, would choose Hafizullah Amin as premier within this new government, working alongside Daoud in the continued modernization of the state. The Soviets were happy as while the PDPA would have a large amount of control in Afghanistan, no blood was shed and no accusations could be held in, allowing things to be kept relatively calm. Despite this, Amin and the PDPA would follow the preestablished notion of bi-tarafi for the nation and so while informally more with the Soviets, the nation remained non-aligned officially and thus would continue to do so.
     
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    PROLOGUE VI: The Reagan Administration- Shahfall & Oil Crashes
  • Kick
    PROLOGUE VI: The Reagan Administration- Shahfall & Oil Crashes

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    Shah and his wife, Shahbanu Farah leaving Iran on 16 January 1979
    1979 came in with further troubles and turbulations. Discussions over the next wave of the SALT Treaties have stagnated though not out of disagreement from the Americans or the Soviets, but more out of the troubles going on with the Reagan Administration. The Soviets were content to take their time on this though as seeing more chaos on the Americans' end had them beginning to reconsider certain approaches. Afghanistan could've become a mess if interactions with the PDPA went horribly awry. Fortunately, they got the message pretty clear and could influence their neighbor without the need of invasion. Additionally, the rumors of potential talks between the United States and Communist China have also somewhat stagnated on that front as well; the Reagan administration had refused to fully recognize Communist China and they maintained their focus over on Taiwan though such discussions were overall part of President Reagan's seeming slowing down of diplomatic affairs. Likely as they were still trying to focus on Central America. By now, the rallying effect was gone and folks were not wanting to see their menfolk die defending a damaged canal built on land that was only theirs by technicality and in a war influenced by their leader's stubbornness. Especially since it meant having to deal with greater inflation on items. People were becoming more frugal in how they spent money and looking for ways to get by, while others were demanding for government assistance on programs that could help deal with the matters.

    However, Reagan did continue on and his focus on certain domestic affairs would lend assistance. He would send federal funds to assist in bailing out the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station during its partial meltdown. He doubled down on the important of nuclear energy for a more prosperpous tomorrow and it was noted for being an instance of helping out. This did win him some broad sense of bipartisan support and Reagan's emphasis on no deaths nor sicknesses helped ease it, despite the accident giving some more energy over to those opposed to nuclear power. At one point, Reagan even noted that there were few if any viable and practical options that could be implemented and nuclear power would assist in the creation of more jobs and reliable power. His steadfast stance here would end up winning out and gaining some form of points. The construction of many future nuclear power plants were not halted though merely slowed down or temporarily suspended at most to review the damage within the accident and figure out how to improve from it. It was a much needed boost, especially with the oncoming tide of the 1980 election.

    However, it would not be enough for what was to come. Revolution had come into Iran.


    After years of oppression and his autocratic rule, the Shah would finally be ousted. Massive protests and outcries were led over by various prominent individuals such as Mehdi Bazargan would rise up in prominence to get the Shah to step down, with a number of various factions rising to help be the dominant influence over for the sake of power and influence. Many of the parties and organizations that had prepared for this day came together. The National Front would form a coalition many groups, even with the Pan-Iranist Party and the Freedom Movement of Iran. Others, like the Tudeh, were more like co-belligerents, but after a massive wave of protests, the monarchy would finally fall and a new day would rise in Iran. Iran was now a parliamentary republic, its first leader being Mehdi Bazargan. He would serve as Iran's first Prime Framadār (a cultural homage to the original Pre-Islamic/Sassanian role of wuzurg framadār, which would be described as equivalent as a Grand Vizier or Prime Minister, chosen to showcase the long and rich history of Iran) with the National Front and Freedom Movement forming a coalition government. While there was some concerns that the nation would've gotten theocratic elements, especially by some of the clergyfolk pushing, others pushed back, believing in the seperation of church and state, with one big name for that was Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a promiennt student of Khoimeni and rather liberal-minded, thus lending him enough influence to help for it.

    The rammifications were unsurprisingly enormous. Even before the Revolution itself, the massive protests and strikes caused another oil shockwave, leading to the 1979 Oil Crisis, giving another jolt of agony over for the economy, still shaken up by the Panama Canal's condition. It created greater unrest and conditions amongst the populace and the demand for the government to do something grew louder. This stood in staunch contrast to Reagan's words regarding on government, which would be turned against him as his approval ratings plummeted further still. The Reagan administration meanwhile couldn't do anything regarding Iran. They could try sanctions, but they were unlikely to pass Congress and the new government did not espouse any anti-American rhetoric. Earlier that year, there was speculation on regarding whether the Shah be admitted into Iran or not for medical treatment, despite the clamoring for him to face justice in Iran by the people. However, the deadlocked situation and disagreements meant a decision was not made in time with the Shah going elsewhere. The Reagan adminsitration and the Republican party in fact had their fractures grow wider because of this and the neoconservatives that were originally seen as the new way of doing things was now in mortal danger within the party as the other factions sought to have them be voted out, lest they permanantly poison the party's reputation.

    The Middle East meanwhile watched with shock at what happened, with some preparing for their own plans. Saddam Hussein began preparing for potential plans of an invasion to assert himself over his neighboring state though was also cautious as he did not know how strong the new Iranian government actually was. For others, the lack of success from the hardline conservatives was a blow to their prestige and potential influence. This would be notable as in 1979, another incident occurred, this time over in Saudi Arabia... someone seizing the Grand Mosque. The Grand Mosque seizure occurred during November and December 1979 when extremist insurgents calling for the overthrow of the House of Saud took over Masjid al-Haram, the holiest mosque in Islam, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The insurgents declared that the Mahdi (the "redeemer of Islam") had arrived in the form of one of their leaders – Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani – and called on believers to obey him. The seizure of Islam's holiest site, the taking of hostages from among the worshippers and the deaths of hundreds of militants, security forces and hostages caught in the crossfire in the ensuing battles for control of the site, shocked the Islamic world. The siege ended two weeks after the takeover began and the mosque was cleared. Saudi special forces aided by American commandos were the ones who retook the site. While the joint operation did help bring a brief bit of support for the Americans and those in the Muslim World, the question remained on what now and why. However, one important note was on the discussion between President Reagan and Saudi King Khaled. Khaled had orginally considered that "the solution to the religious upheaval was simple: more religion" and considered giving the ulama and religious conservatives more power over time due to their hostilities at the growing liberalization. President Reagan however insisted on the opposite. This was not a religious upheaval, but a terrorist attack. No true believer would ever invade their own holy site and follow someone who was claiming they were the savior. As such, these religious hardliners were a threat and should be treated as such against the establishment of a better world. After talks and needling, King Khaled would follow through on Reagan's words and beyond denouncing the attackers, noted on their disgrace and being against the faith. He would begin working to crack down on the religious hardliners and going further with the reforms, with Reagan making arrangements for potential reinforcements. It was a sorely needed sort of victory for the Reagan administration, especially as they were entering 1980.
     
    PROLOGUE VII: The Reagan Administration- Reflecting on Reagan
  • PROLOGUE VII: The Reagan Administration- Reflecting on Reagan

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    Official Presidental project of Ronald Reagan
    1980 arrived, signaling the end of the 1970s. The Sordid Seventies as they would come to be called, would be a rather complicated view for many people. There are many people who have rather fond memories of disco, leisure suits and the gradual growing prominence in minorities in various mediums such as with Bruce Lee, the complicated legacy of blaxploitation works, the arrival of the so-called Bronze Age of comic books and the twilight of second-wave feminism that started back in the 1960s. The introduction of inexpensive microprocessors also showed the rise of various new technologies such as video games, personal computers, digital wristwatches and pocket calculators were growing popular and beginning to become available to the common man, especially with the rise of areas like arcades. Television is changed forever by such ground-breaking shows as All in the Family, M*A*S*H, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Saturday Night Live and Monty Python's Flying Circus. Mister Rogers' Neighborhood and Sesame Street served as powerful beacons not just for the children, but also for the adults as well and continued to do so. The Muppet Show became a universally hailed worldwide success, so much so that Jim Henson was becoming a rising success and some have compared him even to Walt Disney if he was a hippie. Such words became surprisingly prophetic as the difficulties regarding work and the growing demand would lead to Jim Henson asking Bernie Brillstein on being able to try and gain a hold in Disney, a company that had been undergoing a tough time since the passing of Uncle Walt back in 1966. A feat of that would have its own rammifications.

    However, on the political and economic side, the Seventies would be viewed rather poorly. President Richard Nixon led them into the decade pretty all right and his defeat of George McGovern seemingly marked the end for progressive dominance over for the time. However, Watergate shocked the rise of the neoconservatives, causing them to stumble. Their great fall however would not be by Nixon, but by Reagan. Ronald Reagan was elected in the desperate hope of bringing back the good ol days, representing the proud values of traditionalism and old school values, all with a folksy smile and the demeanor that would've reminded many people of the idea of the 1950s father figure. Yet, that myth would shatter under the weight of reality and from his decisions, which spoke louder than words could. His economic reforms, derisively called Reaganoomics, would prove to be insufficient to deal with the rise of stagflation and seemed to serve more to cater to the wealthy elite. Even the watered-down reforms that were passed through after long and brutal slogs against the Democrats' controlled House and Senate to have it be something to where it could pass and alot of it was temporary tax cuts. Beyond that, there was Reagan's haunting words, looming over not just his administration, but his party as well...

    "Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem."

    This meant that the people were on their own, without any help from the Reagan administration. And given how they were in tough economic times, which were influenced and worsened by some of his decisions on foreign policy no less, it left a growing fire of resentment and bitterness at him. More and more, everything that was associated with Reagan would be tainted by this view. His rather strong and loud Christianity would be heard with disdain not just for the radical nature of it, but for how many accused it of being hollow. Little but honeyed words with no action to back it up. Naturally, this growing disdain for the association would have far-reaching implications as more religious leaders found themselves disappointed by him. The Republican Party would also feel the poison flowing through the veins from their continued association with him and they paid through that in 1978 and more in 1980. Worse still was that because of his charisma, they were happy to give him the keys to the kingdom and thus he became the face of the party. And now that kingdom was infected with the plague of resentment and without a new leader or direction, they would fall to chaos as the warring factions within would fight for the ideological crown.

    However, Reagan still had his defenders and did still have some prominent good bits with him. His defense of nuclear power and rallying for bipartisanship would become a beacon for various environmentalists to escape the reliance of fossil fuels. His actions with Saudi Arabia and leading to resecure the mosque brought back some positive points for the Americans there and introduced to people the dangers of religious extremism, to where they become so far removed from their faith. Others defended him on the grounds that no one would've been able to resolve the options regarding the growing inflation, stagnant job market or certain outside forces on the economy, At the same time, the accusations regarding his lack of plans for financial investment in the economy, his handling of the Panama crisis (which would lead to a condemnation of Operation Condor over time) and other factors would weigh in on him. And there were others who still personally liked the guy, but deflected their criticisms toward less charismatic individuals of the neoconservative bloc, who would have no such defenders in the rising wave of criticism against their political, economic and cultural policies.

    Beyond that, it recontextualized much of how things were under Ford and Nixon. Twelve long years of Republican party rule and this is what they have to show for it... Some would come to lament not voting for McGovern back when they had the chance in 1972
    while others wondered if Carter would've been better. Others wondered if Ford might've been better while some wondered who else could've done good within the Republican party. It painted an unpleasant collective view of what has been called the Dismal Dozen, referring to the 12 years of the Nixon, Ford and Reagan administrations and would refer to the economic troubles, the problems over with foreign affairs and the various negative actions like Watergate and the Panama incident. Unsurprisingly, this was a massive opportunity swung back to the Democrats. Beyond their foe pretty crippled, the older generations were bringing back nostalgia for the days of strong caring leaders like FDR and the true promise of true hope like JFK. They did not want to get involved in many offshore battles, they wanted someone to bring hope for American and make people proud to be Americans... and Ronald Reagan would be viewed as naught but a false prophet at that. Even decades later with greater understanding, he would not be viewed as favorably though he escaped relatively unscathed compared to the various other politicians of the same movement.

    Perhaps this proto-wave of nostalgia for stuff from the 1960s and the desire for escapism, which would come to surface and mix with the reforms of the 1980s, would be why people made alot of the decisions they did. As such, the stage was being set. The Baby-Boomers were starting their own families and would come to decide which version of the past to recreate. But moreover... the generation after them, who grew up in the Dismal Dozen, would be filled with fire and vigor, clamoring for change and being inspired for what was to come in the 1980s... with a bang and a torch burning bright, thus it was sent for the Brightbang Generation or the Brightbangers.



    ------ PROLOGUE END ---------

     
    1980 Elections- Dem Primaries
  • 1980 Elections- Dem Primaries

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    Mo Udall with John F. Kennedy at the White House, May 18, 1961.
    The primaries for the 1980 US election were eagerly awaited... at least for one of the American political parties. The Democrats saw this as their opportunity to be able to go and reclaim the White House and be able to get nearly anything passed with the likelihood of expanding matters even further. After all, the Democrats already maintained their colossal majorities within the House and the Senate. Of course, there was nothing wrong with working to maintain such an advantage after all. At the same time, what made it interesting was the Democrats that would be running. The more conservative ones have been debating whether to do so given the change in the party, especially with young new candidates coming in to make a difference and to take the baton from the current generation. However, what would become the defining hallmarks for the up-and-comers would be decided by who would become the Democrats' candidate for presidency,

    Unsurprisingly, Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale has refused to run though willing to provide aid and support. The early favorite among the leadership was the tough Henry "Scoop" Jackson. He was a strong advocate for social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions, especially more so now in these trying times. He was a prominent critic of Reagan's domestic policies and his failures in dealing with the growing inflation and rising possibilities of an economic depression. However, "Scoop" Jackson was haunted by something else... a title where he was the "Senator from Boeing". A condemnation referring to his hawkish views, he was given the title because of his consistent support for additional military spending on weapons systems, especially from Boeing. He was a supporter of the Vietnam War along with the Japanese internment. This did not suit well with a voter base exhausted with pointless confrontations abroad and after enduring the Vietnam War and the Panama incident. In Scoop's defense, he was much more reserved regarding that ordeal, noting Reagan's short-sightedness on how he handled it. Ultimately though, he would lose his steam due to his admitted lack of charisma, with said admission even his supporters confessed.

    Frank Church also possessed a growing following, especially given his status as a protege of LBJ and coming into his own. He was also prominent with the more liberal wing within the Democrats and thus possessed a pretty good chance in doing so. He became more prominent with Jerry Brown declining to run, him noting that the people probably wouldn't want another candidate from California right now. Some of the Old Guard like Edmund Muskie and even George McGovern were asked to run though they would turn it down, despite that this would be the most opportune times to do so. Birch Evans Bayh Jr. was also considered during the early time, but he would drop out due to figuring he would do better remaining in the Senate to help. Ted Kennedy meanwhile considered running and many supported him to do so, but the tainted history he feared would keep him from running. Instead, he turned to a friend to run: Morris King Udall, a strong U.S. Rep. Having run against Carter and lost, it was unsure as to why, but for others who knew... he had the best chance. He possessed a powerful charisma and with his stature, had a very Lincolnesque atmosphere to him. Additionally, he possessed a very leftist streak, even amongst his party.

    However, Mo Udall had serious concerns with running, namely that months prior, he was diagonosed with Parkinson's, a degenerate condition that targets the motor skills primarily. Despite this, Ted was insistent and Mo did give another earnest effort in running, if to test it out. Many of the more progressive folk began throwing their support around Mo and he begun picking up speed. His humor, his irreverent and casual style helped endeared him to the audiences to break the ice, but what drew people to him were the policies. He was very big on reforms to be done and stood against both Vietnam and the actions Reagan had done in Central America. On the domestic front, he vouched for the importance for the environment and the need for people helping each other. He believed in passing various reforms to help people and for the government to work right. In him and his personality, people saw a second chance, a chance on what they could've gotten with Kennedy.

    Perhaps above all else was a sort of "realness" as he would be described. An anecdote of him that would become well-known within the primaries and the general election was he lost his eye at the age of six. Because his family lacked the money to get him prompt adequate treatment, he lost that eye and wore a glass eye. Yet with that glass eye, he would gain a profound view of the struggle of those sick and wounded, especially in describing where he grew up in Arizona; he described his early rural/small-town life in the desert as harsh and primitive, in a town where "everybody worked." Noting they had "no tractors," he added, "we had horses and plows." This cementd him as a supporter of the common man and his healthcare ambitions would spread, to where slogans based on it would appear such as "Healthcare for all by Mo Udall" or "Mo' Healthcare for Ud'all". While he did struggle a bit because of his former Mormon faith, it did not detract from his growth and one by one, the others lent him his support.

    By the time of the DNC, the people had spoken. Morris King Udall would be the Democrats' candidate for the United States.
     
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    1980 Elections- The General Election
  • 1980 Elections- The General Election

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    Republican challenger, John Bayard Anderson.
    Mo himself was pretty surprised by how far he managed to make it compared to last time. Several others were quite surprised by his progress as well. Part of it was definitely in his Parkinsons' and some have speculated within the inner circle of the party that he may only have one term. Regardless, the party gave him his full support, especially as more and more of the power players pushed for him, getting even the more conservative Democrats in line, if mainly through the usage of pragmatism and the current economic and political situation within the United States. There was also the question of who would be his running mate. Frank Church was considered an obvious choice though it was unknown if he would accept due to prior commitments. There was also geopgraphy to take into consideration given Udall coming from Arizona. However, a suggestion came from none other than George McGovern himself... Reubin Askew, who he offered it back in 1972. The former governor of Florida was exceptionally popular there and he possessed a squeaky clean reputation. During his time in office, he led on tax reform, civil rights, and financial transparency for public officials, maintaining an outstanding reputation for personal integrity. Throughout his life, Askew refrained from smoking, drinking, swearing, and gambling and thus embodied the sort of upright and gentlemanly behavior that many would look up to. While perhaps not as progressive as Udall, this would work to their advantage in attracting the more moderate folk on their side. Udall went over to Askew and this time, Askew accepted the role of running mate for the Democratic candidancy.

    The field meanwhile was a bit empty on the Republicans' side. While some people considered running against President Reagan such as George HW Bush, they were convinced not to because of the need to try and maintain the image of unity within the party that was becoming more hostile on various sides. Additionally, others were hesitant in running because they believe they wouldn't win even if they edged out Reagan. After all, with the news beginning to reflect a new decade and how the last one was dominated by the Republicans, the growing concensus was that they were unlikely gonna win no matter who would win, so it would be a loss they'd have to take as they would and tyr to prevent as much loss as possible. However, one voice stood to challenge Reagan for the seat and ran so seriously.

    House Rep John Bayard Anderson.

    An Illinois representative, he was one of the biggest critics of Reagan and for a growing number, one of the few notable Republicans in it. Once one of the more conservative politicians from when he started, he would come to change over time, quite predominantly in fact. By 1980, he supported the Equal Rights Amendment, gay rights and abortion rights generally; he also touted his perfect record of having supported all civil rights legislation since 1960. In fact, the Reagan administration's lack of support for the amendment was one of the big reasons he would come to run. Surprisingly enough, he would end up doing quite well as he looked much more reasonable and moderate compared to the radical Reagan, especially since he remained in the running against Reagan the longest. While he did not win that many races, his choice to run did serve to boost his popularity and notoriety with even many of the moderate Dems liking him from polls. However, when rumors within the GOP circle speculated he may run as an independent due to his growing skepticism of the party, they pulled him aside and asked him to drop out of the race on his own and were willing to offer whatever they could so he did not run as an independent. Anderson's personal aide and confidant, Tom Wartowski, encouraged him to remain in the Republican Party and he reluctantly decided to do so, but only after securing enough political clout to gain support for the Equal Rights Amendment. Wartowski went further and even suggested that Anderson succeed John Rhodes as Minority Leader, a position they would acquiesce to. Around the RNC, Anderson would drop out to Reagan though the news of him becoming Minority Leader was met with surprise. Anderson noted that he would at least first attempt to reform the party, growing back the moderate wing under his influence, the last chance of the party.

    Nonetheless, the stage was set for the Udall/Askew ticket running against the Reagan administration. Mo Udall went around campaigning, for the true hope and ideals of the United States. He doubled down on the progressive platform that he became associated with and fought for. WIth Ted Kennedy's help, he presented one of the big offerings in the United States having single payer universal healthcare, so those who lost their jobs or suffered under hardships would not have to be at risk at loss like he did. Other instances included prominent political reforms, protection for the environment and of course, the assistance for the economy. He promised that they would together to invest in job growth, dealing with inflation and securing a brighter future for the United States. He also scolded over the unnecessary conflicts created regarding wars and so on, noting Vietnam and the Panama incident, especially when there is still trouble over to the United States. Soon, the Presidential debates would begin...
     
    1980 Elections- Debates and Victory
  • 1980 Elections- Debates and Victory

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    Democrat candidate Mo Udall & running mate Reubin Askew
    "Abraham Lincoln once said that that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”. That means that our government, the government of the United States is one of the American people. Chosen by them to carry out the wishes of the people for their security and prosperity by coming together for the common good and compromising for everyone's benefit. To claim that "Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem" would be admitting that system never worked for the people despite being for them. What else could you be saying? That you believe a government for people to take care of each other is a problem? "- Mo Udall.

    The presidential debates had arrived as 1980 was rolling on over. The United States Olympic ice hockey team makes history at the 1980 Lake Placid Winter Olympics on February 22nd in what was later called the “Miracle on Ice.” The Rubiks' cube would be released over later in 1980 to the delight of many people. And the presidential debate would be shown on television, including on the newly released CNN or Cable News Network by Ted Turner. For many people, seeing Mo Udall against Ronald Reagan showed a fascinating comparison and contrast between them. In terms of comparison, they were both very charismatic individuals, knowing how to work the crowd in different ways and being able to get people to listen to them and their arguments. Each of them also presented a sort of idyllic father-figure charm from them, something which would've appealed to many of the younger voters, especially in a time where America was suffering from economic hardship and doubtful for the future. Both men projected the era of confidence that would've drawn people to their ideaologies.

    Yet, that was what where they differed. Reagan was burdened with the events of the past four years and even taking the circumstances he was placed into, his decisions that he took in reaction to those circumstances were scrutinized heavily. He came off a bit cold and aloof, a sentiment reinforced with the growing number of resignations thanks to the growing gloom within the White House when it came to all of the events and his actions. And that became his reputation. While some aid did come a bit thanks to the help of the Democrat House and Senate, they noted their difficulty and hesitation with it, especially if Reagan would even sign it. Others noted that they were concerned if they possessed enough votes to overcome a veto. Regardless, Ronald Reagan's mystique had shattered under the storm of reality. Moreover, the philosophy that he and more importantly, that his bloc, the neoconservatives, espoused regarding cutting taxes as a panacea, build-up of military and lax restrictions on business became viewed instead as a gift to the more wealthy individuals and impractical for the common person. A failure of policy.

    Then there was Mo Udall. He would come off as more authentic and real compared to the Hollywood actor. His glass eye was an emblem of struggle and an understanding of what people who had it rough went through. His own casual demeanor and wit was a different form of comforting for people. This complimented his wide girth of ideals. Political reforms in campaigning and election to ensure fairness. The desire for an extensive healthcare system so even the least fortunate of Americans would be well-taken care of. The importance of taking care of the environment for future generations as well as ensuring the well-being of the economy and the labor force. Each word was filled with the promise that the government would do its best to help the nation and their people through this tough time together. A promise made stronger by the relative unity of the Democrats within the House and Senate, poised to execute out the plan as best as they could.

    The debates showcased this when it came to the discussion over policy. Reagan's foreign policy was slammed for its mistakes along with his failings in domestic policy. Reagan in turn countered whether Udall's goals were practical and in turn was answered with what other nations had done. If they surely could, why not the United States? While Reagan did hold up his own, the atmosphere indicated that more often than not, Udall was the winner. In one particular case, concern was shared over Udall's Parkinson, which Udall wasn't secretive about, but didn't go spreading it around. While some took it as a genuine concern if it would affect his abilities, Udall noted on the polio-striken FDR and how he was able to accomplish so much and how much more he wanted to accomplish. In capping it off, Udall even shared back FDR's goals regarding a second bill of rights, an economic bill of rights.

    When Election Day came, there was a form of suspense yet confidence... for alot of people knew who they wanted to vote for and who should be the next president.

    By morning it was announced. The next president of the United States... was Morris King Udall. Like the eras of FDR, JFK and LBJ, now began one of MKU.
     
    1981: Morris King Udall the 40th President
  • 1981: Morris King Udall the 40th President

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    Morris King Udall being congratulated by his predecessor, Ronald Reagan (1981)
    "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."- President Mo Udall being sword into office as the 40th President of the United States.

    President Udall had alot of work to do starting about now. Central America was becoming more and more of a problem and diplomacy would be needed, especially as some of the powers that the Americans had called "allies", were proving to not be worthy. The whole camapign of Operation Condor was proving to be not worth it and was a net detriment to the Americans and to the people of the region. In fact, the upcoming months between his victory and being sworn-in was filled with outlining his plans. From the looks of it, he would have the United States focus more on domestic affairs and problems at home. While he would still do his best to have the nation assist their allies in times of crisis, the shift in tone indicated that he would be more selective over which incidents to get involved. This concerned alot of the reactionary governments and autocrats within Latin America over how long they can last. The left-leaning rebels meanwhile took this as a positive sign; their hopes laid in not having to worry about American presence as much and thus having a reasonable chance in overthrowing their oppressive governments and setting up their own, especially without the reinforcement of American intelligence forces.

    Regarding the home front, the first question was on the economy. Inflation would need to be handled and also looking over which sectors could use government intervention to try and stabilize the economy while also investigating the factors that led to such troubles in the first place. When the economy would be settled and handled, they could then work in implementing the various reforms and projects that Udall was wanting to put in. In fact, he and his growing team were hard at working with Congress for their ambitious plan regarding the creation of an universal healthcare system along with exploring the totality of the healthcare coverage and any potential factors that may cause disruptions. Two of them stood out; one was how extensive and the other was on the logistics. The first one was solved as discussions with medical experts decided that it would best to cover not just medical care and check ups, but everything else, such as dental, vision and pharmeceuticals. The first one was considered a bit of surprise given how dentistry evolved and some even considered teeth as "luxury bones". This despite the growing connotations of dental and oral health to overall. As such, that was maintained in that dental being covered. The other was on if they would have enough doctors and medical specialists to be able to cover the entire population once they are ensured. This issue warranted more discussion between those crafting the bill and likely what would stagnate along with the various other questions such as oversight of the medical programs and so on, such as centralization versus state management and concerns of personal politics affecting it. Tied to this was also Udall ressurrecting an old idea from the 1960s: attemtping to get cigarettes (and other tobacco) regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

    However, while that was at work, another aspect being worked on was on the reforms regarding legislation, campaigning and so on, done to ensure that wealthier politicians cannot just "buy" their way to victory and thus leveling the playing field. While he had some success here, he was encouraged by Askew and others to go further here, especially with Birch Bayh advocating for an amendment on dealing with the Electoral College as part of it. Overall, it was quite the busy time for the administration starting out and the offices being filled. For example, the Secretary of State would be none other than Jimmy Carter. One of Carter's influences was on who to choose to deal with the inflation problems: Paul Volcker for the Chair of Federal Reserve. The inflation crisis had been a large problem as a result of the Oil Crisises and the Panama incident and thus would be the main focus on dealing with the issue. The severity of the issue was compounded by undoing the deregulations that the Reagan administration did manage to put in and compounded the issue. As such, various answers were being tossed around on how to help people, with one bringing back an idea from decades prior, back during Lyndon B Johnson's "war on poverty". The idea of a guaranteed income for every American also took root, which saw the return of a document, signed by 1200 economists, calling for a guaranteed income for every American. It was an ambitious idea that would need to be hammered out, but at the very least, the idea of giving Americans money to infuse some life back into the economy would be considered.

    All of this while Mo Udall was recovering from being shot at by John Hinckley Jr. back in March, much to the total shock of the nation. However, Udall did not let this deter him and even joked that it was a sign that he would be a notable president, people were already coming after him.

    Although why he and his team went to work in dealing with the economy, the first of his administration's actions, would come into effect. The Udall Administration was pulling back from several operations and so on from Central America, signalling the ending of Operation Condor gradually.
     
    1981: The Central American Cataclysm
  • 1981: The Central American Cataclysm

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    José Napoleón Duarte, President of the Revolutionary Government Junta during the final offensive.
    Mo Udall was never a fan of the Reagan Administration's approach to Central America. The Cold War fever pitch led to supporting various governments did not deserve American support and the incident with Panama was the straw that broke the camel's back on the whole thing. Beyond the Americans' meddling in the governments of their Central America neighbors, there was also Operation Condor. It was a United States-backed campaign of political repression and state terror involving intelligence operations and assassination of opponents. It was officially and formally implemented in November 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America.

    As such, the entire ordeal was a smear on the good name of the United States and one of Udall's actions was in pretty much ending the Americans' involvement in that as well as pulling out their support for various certain governments within Central America involved in such behavior. Naturally, many of the rebellious factions were pretty relieved at this and saw it as their opportunity to go and prepare, though many of them were still exceptionally cautious since they did not want to try and do anything that could bring the Americans back in. Granted, it seemed as long as American citizens and places of importance such as embassies were not touched, then it should be all right. In fact, the former was what ended up kicking off the whole thing in the first place.


    Back in December 2, 1980, members of the Salvadoran National Guard were suspected to have raped and murdered four American, Catholic church women (three religious women, or nuns, and a laywoman). Maryknoll missionary sisters Maura Clarke and Ita Ford, Ursuline sister Dorothy Kazel, and laywoman Jean Donovan were on a Catholic relief mission providing food, shelter, transport, medical care, and burial to death squad victims. In 1980 alone, at least 20 religious workers and priests were murdered in El Salvador. This was because the miltiary dictatorship saw the Church as an enemy that went against the military and their rule and thus by killing Church figures, "the military leadership showed just how far its position had hardened in daring to eliminate those it viewed as opponents. This along with the junta's failure to do any proper investigation, Udall used it to pull the plug on the whole affair. It would not be long soon after before the Salvadoran Civil War had begun.

    While the Udall administration was formally neutral on the affair, the atrocities committed by the Salvadoran National Guard was enough to give an informal denouncing on them though it was speculated that the Udall Adminstration managed to coerce certain nations to not support or give aid to the Salvadoran military government. On the opposite side of the civil war, it was the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, an umbrella group formed of five leftist guerrilla organizations. With the Americans sending no economic aid to the Salvadoran government nor significant training and equipment to the military, it was suspected they would not last long. When asked on this and the concerns of a Soviet-aligned government, Udall noted how accusations of communist sympathies led to Torrijos siding with them and to the Panama incident in the first place. When asked if he was willing to cooperate with them, Udall noted that the military dictatorship should end and hoped that a peace settlement could be established along with free and fair elections. Under normal circumstances, people would've questioned the wisdom of this, but the Panama incident and the problems from the last several years meant that most people were more focused on solving domestic issues and just hoped that peace could be restored there soon.

    Of course, as the Udall administration pulled out of involvement, this led to the various similar autocratic governments falling. In Nicaragua, the Somoza regime would be ousted out of power by the Sandinista National Liberation Front within the following months, leading to the end of the dictatorship there. The Sandinistas inherited a country with a debt of US$1.6 billion, an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 war dead, 600,000 homeless, and a devastated economic infrastructure and, earlier, natural disaster in the devastating 1972 Nicaragua earthquake. 150,000 were either refugees or in exile, out of a total population of just 2.8 million. The devastation there did have the Udall administration willing to offer financial aid to the nation along with an attempt to establish peace and stability. The FSLN accepted some aid, but it was unknown whether or not how well they were willing to accept American help given everything that had happened.

    Meanwhile, the Guatemalan Civil War would see its own shift. While the Reagan administration did increase the aid to the Guatemalan government (albeit not as much as expected due to the economic troubles and growing unpopularity of Reagan), the outrageous human rights' violations was what led to the Udall Administration to cut off all military aid over to the Guatemalan government. Many noted that this was part of the new human rights oriented foreign policy influenced by the Secetary of State Jimmy Carter. In fact, one major instance of this was El Diálogo, a growing dialogue exchange that came after increasing calls for better diplomatic relations to Cuba from young Cuban American groups. Many saw this as part of the next phase of detente and the prologue to what would be "The Cuban Thaw", a gradual warming of relations between the Americans and Cubans, and part of the bigger descalation of tensions between the US and USSR. This would be reinforced by the discussions for the
    SALT II Treaty starting once more after stalling during the Reagan administration.

    Some of the hawkish members from both parties were not happy with these sort of decisions, though the Udall Adminsitration countered by pointing to the past failures. One rather memorable line was "some of our politicians would rather focus on wars abroad and ignore problems back home. The people tired of Vietnam Wars and Panama incidents." Most of the American population was largely in agreement with this, especially as they preferred focus on the economic situation. Though speaking of Panama, there was a need to try and descalate tensions and talks would begin in 1982 over regarding the Panama canal and over the crisis with Torrijos.

    Lastly, the affect of this along with the planned end of Operation Condor left some of the reactionary juntas down in South America becoming antsy on what would happen, especially with Cuba and Argentina...

     
    Summer of 1981: Courts and Sicknesses
  • Summer of 1981: Courts and Sicknesses

    United_States_Secretary_of_Education_Shirley_Hufstedler_at_Miami-Dade_Community_College_1980-02-07_%28cropped%29.jpg

    Shirley Ann Mount Hufstedler, new Supreme Court Justice

    With the retirement of Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart, there was obviously the search for the next candidate. One of the commonalities that President Udall and his predecessor Ronald Reagan shared was in wanting to put in the first female Supreme Court judge. As such, Mo Udall began compiling a list of candidates to do so. The one that stood out was Shirley Hufstedler. Graduating at the top of her class, she was appointed Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court, by Governor Pat Brown in 1961. In 1966, she was appointed Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeals and then Hufstedler was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 17, 1968, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

    She was originally considered for Secretary of Education, thanks to how she called for the Lau v. Nichols case to be reheard, writing that "access to education offered by the public schools is completely foreclosed to these children who cannot comprehend any of it" and that the decision paralleled similar arguments that were determined to be unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education. The United States Supreme Court agreed with Hufstedler's assessment and overturned the Ninth Circuit's decision. However, given her role in getting the Supreme Court to side with her, this is what would win her the chocie to be nominated as the first female Supreme Court Justice, which she accepted and would be formally inducted in September that year.

    Of course, not everything was good news in the summer of 1981. In early June, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States reported that 5 homosexual men in Los Angeles have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems, the first recognized cases of AIDS. As such, the Udall Administration would begin investigating on the matter. Meanwhile, starting around this time, AIDS activist groups and organizations began to emerge and advocate for people infected with HIV in the United States. The activism went beyond the pursuit of funding for AIDS research with groups acted to educate and raise awareness of the disease and its effects on different populations, even those thought to be at low-risk of contracting HIV. This would be done through publications and "alternative media" created by those living with or close to the disease. While the Udall Administration would begin looking into this, they would end up having to encounter another issue down the line that would need to be faced: people being discriminated for their sexual orientation and those who have genders beyond the binary.

    Despite that, plenty of notable events have been happening. It is the first release of Donkey Kong and debut of Mario as a video game franchise. Walt Disney Productions' 24th feature film, The Fox and the Hound, is released after a six month delay due to the departure of Don Bluth and his animation team from the studio. The film receives mixed-to-positive reviews and is a box office success. It's notable for being the last film that was completed before Jim Henson ascended into the company. And MTV (Music Television) is launched on cable television in the United States.
     
    Fall 1981: Solidarity and Economics
  • Fall 1981: Solidarity and Economics

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    Solidarity Day March- September 5, 1981
    As autumn was approaching, the Udall Administration was hammering out some of the last details for a way to help stimulate the economy though some last questions remained. Additionally, the past couple months have been bumpy, due to Volcker's policies to combat the massive inflation led by the Reagan administration. Of course, actions were still needed to address the fact that inflation took quite a toll on the finances of the American people, especially with gas prices becoming higher as a result of the Oil Crisis back in 1979. Various ideas were tossed around to deal with this though one that caught traction was simply giving the American people money. While not exactly a temporary guaranteed income as the more ambitious members considered, a healthy infusion of cash to the American taxpayer should be able to help counteract the net loss of money as a result of the greater inflation and the stagnant economy. Additionally, they figured it would be a good starting test to see how a potental extended plan could work. However, while this was going on, Udall had one issue to deal with that most wouldn't expect: the labor unions.

    Though Udall opposed right-to-work laws that undermined labor unions and still does, his Arizona constituents very strongly supported it, so Udall did, too—particularly in a 1965 Congressional vote back when he was a House Rep, a move that labor leaders held against him for years. While matters have gradually improved since then, they were still a bit skeptical on Udall and they were also unsure on how he would deal the economy. There was also some concerns over how back in the the 1960s, he tried to revise pay scales for federal employees and establish merit pay among other stuff. Additionally, the tough times served as a demoralizing effect for some and an aggressive effect for others. As such, there was a growing need to show the Udall administration to maintain his focus on the working folk, but also to the American people as a result.


    In early September, thousands of air traffic controllers, members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), walked off their jobs with the Federal Aviation Administration. This would become part of the Solidarity Day March on September 5, 1981. The AFL-CIO's Solidarity Day march in Washington, D.C., came a couple days into the PATCO strike, having been pre-planned, and drew 260,000 to half a million union people. The solidarity march was even bigger than the great 1968 march. In other ways the march was a new experience in post-war Washington. Because, though many groups and parties supported the demonstration, it was overwhelmingly a demonstration of organized labor. It was the first major demonstration to have been organized for decades by the AFL-CIO.

    While some Congressfolk and pundits used to try and jeer into the Udall Administration, he did not let it deter to them and instead would actually come and address in an impromptu speech. He noted how he was pleasantly surprised at how they came together to show Congress and the others the need to have their voices heard. He sent an apology over not having handled the issue sooner and more effectively. PATCO was demanding wage increases, safer working conditions, a 32-hour week, and an end to long shift patterns. As federal employees they were, however, barred from striking. They hoped that by organizing together with the help of more unions, it would send a clear message what the power of the working man had. It definitely worked though it also influenced Udall as the next coming days and weeks, there were further discussions with them and also for labor rights and their concerns. Ultimately, PATCO ironed out a solid deal and there was rumors on potential legislation for federal workers to be able to strike. It also helped spread the message regarding Udall's attempts at economy recovery through the stimulation. Most of all, Udall had the chance to ask questions and one thing that came to mind was on the idea of trade schools, notable since one of the issues discussed was also on how to supply more medical practioners and those in related fields for when the healthcare program would be finished for Congress to send. However, action was being taken to help the economy and many Americans would recieve checks to help try and deal with financial problems.

    Meanwhile in autumn, Shirley Ann Mount Hufstedler would be officially take her seat as the first female justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. TGV high-speed rail service between Paris and Lyon over in France begins, something that has gathered some attention. Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt, one week after the assassination of Anwar Sadat during a parade, by servicemen who belong to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization led by Khalid Islambouli and oppose his negotiations with Israel, leading some to begin noting the danger of "religious" extremists, a threat that Reagan noted back in his meeting with the Saudi King after the incident with the mosque, and something that would make some of the other nations more alert.
     
    Winter 1982: More Middle East Mayhem
  • Winter 1982: More Middle East Mayhem

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    Collection of images from 1982 Hama Massacre
    As 1982 began rolling in, things were winding down. The economy was slowly recovering from the affects of the Panama Canal incident and the 1979 Oil Crisis. As more economic boosting plans were considered, more long-term rammifications and explorations were noted and viewed into. Preliminary examinations into this along with stagflation as a general phenomena seemed to incidate the resource shock from the oil crisises were big movers. The Udall administration began looking into this, since it was becoming clear that the world's reliance on oil may not be good for economics. This came hand in hand with how the economy cracked with the supply chains being jeopardized by the Panama canal, at least with stuff that couldn't be accessed from closer Latin American nations. They further increased questions regarding the supply chain and yet another aspect of this was the discovery of a report from a couple years prior. The Charney Report—the first comprehensive assessment of global climate change due to carbon dioxide. Former President Reagan did actually consider having the report reviewed and a potential plan developed after the 1979 Oil Crisis, but now here, it was evident that there was something quite concerning there. Ultimately, they began wondering what to do with this regarding policy, at least with energy independence, fossil fuels and so on. Much of the petrol did come from the Middle East and was a large reason for American involvement there.

    Speaking of the Middle East, everyone's attention turned to there once more as a sign of activity. The Udall Administration only made basic moves in recognizing the new government of Iran, but outside the basics with the parliamentary republic, not much else has been done. Unsurprisingly, there was still plenty of tension between them and the Americans, but the potential for matters to improve there was present after all. However, the trouble spot would come over in Arabia, specifically Syria. The Hama Uprising occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government. This was the result of a series of revolts and armed insurgencies by Sunni Muslim extremists, mainly members of the Muslim Brotherhood that had been ongoing since 1976. The uprisings was aimed against the authority of the secular Ba'ath Party-controlled government of Syria, in what has been called a "long campaign of terror" with attacks on both civilians and off-duty military personnel, and civilians were also killed in retaliatory strike by security forces.The Hama Uprising was the culimination of all of this. The Baathists responded back viciously and perhaps on its own, would've been noteworthy in just breaking the insurrection. However, then came out the comparisons to what happened over with the Mosque attack a few years prior and how the Saudi government (influenced by Reagan) responded by cracking down and how the attackers were denounced as being false believers.These accusations were more notable given the comparisons; most Ba'ath party members were from humble, obscure backgrounds and favored radical economic policies, while these sort of Sunni Muslims had dominated the souqs and landed power of Syria, and tended to view government intervention in the economy as threatening.

    In fact, in a moment of irony, the secular Baathists denounced these sort of extremists from Syria, from Saudi Arabia and some of the ones in Iran (even the deceased Khoimeini) as the modern-day munafiqun (singular:
    munafiq), the Islamic term referring to 'false Muslims'. They acknowledged the irony and even embracing, noting that despite their secular ways, they had more respect for the faith than their opponents, the same sort of people who would try and attack their own holy site for political reasons. This nomenclature would grow to spread like wildfire, though they would later be called Munafiq terrorists (or on occasion, Neo-Munafiqs) in terms of this specifc context first by the Americans and then the rest of the world, including the Middle East, to indicate these specific sort. While the Baathists would still gradually their prestige and luster with the people, they have succeeded in what they wanted: landing a devastating blow to their religious zealot enemies. They now had a name, one based on the faith they held to no less. One tied to their violent reputation and their reactionary beliefs. They could now be further seperated and isolated from the mainstream, the normal and benign followers who do follow the faith and just try to live their lives and not enforce it on others.

    Of course, this would not be the only conflict going around in the era. As one finished, the other it looked like, might soon begin. Iran and Iraq have grown increasingly hostile over the years for various reasons, with one of the big ones ongoing was over a piece of land that belonged to Iran. One of the goals of Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq was to supplant Egypt as the "leader of the Arab world" and to achieve hegemony over the Persian Gulf. In addition, he hoped in finally achieving his desire of annexing the province of Khuzestan and becoming the regional superpower. Of course, he was frustrated that Iran was not as unstable as wanted, though it was still shaken with the coalition trying to balancing out the reformers, dealing with the hardliners and so on. As such, he was biding his time in building his army in the hopes of being prepared to fight Iran. However, he knew his window of opportunity was closing and needed to act now. While Iran was not sanctioned as suspected, the Americans' moving away from involvement gave him hope that other nations would not give aid over to the Iranians. At the end of Febuary... Iraq would launch a full-scale invasion of Iran, to the surprise of the world.

    Having an external enemy was enough for the shaky Iranian ruling coaliation to come together to fight back against the invasion of their enemy. They began rallying their resources to defend the nation and preparing for conflict against them. And the news spread over to the world over what would happen. They were rather ambigious on the conflict. However, that said, the Udall Administration was considering perhaps strengthening relations over with the new Iranian government and perhaps lend some technical aid since they were the defenders in this conflict...
     
    Spring 1982: Fight in the Falklands
  • Spring 1982: Fight in the Falklands

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    An amphibious vehicle patroling Port Stanley, 1982
    The Labour Party over in the UK were struggling to say the least. Starting from the 1970s, the Labour government faced enormous economic problems and a precarious political situation. Faced with a global recession and spiralling inflation. Many of Britain's traditional manufacturing industries were collapsing in the face of foreign competition. Unemployment, and industrial unrest were rising. Unsurprisingly, matters were quite rough though aid came to the Labour government in the unexpected developments in American politics. The failures of the Reagan administration's policies and compared to what certain politicians and groups were wanting to do served as enough of a deterrent for James Callaghan to be abel to win reelection upon calling it in 1978. Now, with a potential one looming, things were looking difficult. At the same time, the problems of the UK going through such as spiraling inflation and so on, weren't all that different from the Americans so the room for collaberation and idea exchange was enough to start helping on different ways to combat inflation, but it seemed that it would have to be a storm that would have to be weathered as matters improved and figuring out further details.

    Fortunately, salvation would come in an unsual case. The Udall administration's ending of Operation Condor and its pulling out of support of the various juntas in Central and South America has gotten many of the leaders panicking, especially as Central America saw various autocrats begin falling to revolutionary forces. The biggest example was the total loss of support for Pinochet in Chile and with the growing human rights violation going on, rumors circulated the Americans would actually consider sanctions over on the military dictatorship, especially with the controversial 1980 Constitution. As such, various nations tried anything to be able to deter the inevitable. One such case was with Argentina.


    Argentina had been in the midst of devastating economic stagnation and large-scale civil unrest against the military junta that had been governing the country since 1976. Matters got worse particularly during the transfer of power between the military dictators Generals Jorge Rafael Videla and Roberto Eduardo Viola late in March 1981. Moe change happened in December 1981, bringing to office a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri (acting president), Air Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo and Admiral Jorge Anaya. It was with the Galtieri government that they aimed for the island territories. By opting for military action, the Galtieri government hoped to mobilise the long-standing patriotic feelings of Argentines towards the islands, diverting public attention from the chronic economic problems and the ongoing human rights violations of its Dirty War, bolstering the junta's dwindling legitimacy. Anaya was the main architect and supporter of a military solution for the long-standing claim over the islands, calculating that the United Kingdom would never respond militarily . Unfortunately for them, the Labour-run United Kingdom would respond military, seeing this as a political gift. The conflict began on 2 April, when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands, followed by the invasion of South Georgia the next day. On 5 April, the British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force before making an amphibious assault on the islands. The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with an Argentine surrender on 14 June, returning the islands to British control.

    The conflict was the last major episode in the protracted dispute over the territories' sovereignty. Argentina asserted that the islands are Argentine territory and the Argentine government thus characterised its military action as the reclamation of its own territory. The British government regarded the action as an invasion of a territory that had been a Crown colony since 1841. Falkland Islanders, who have inhabited the islands since the early 19th century, are predominantly descendants of British settlers, and strongly favour British sovereignty. Neither state officially declared war, although both governments declared the Islands a war zone. The Falklands War as it would be called had profound affects on both nations. In the very short term, atriotic sentiment ran high in Argentina, but the loss and surrenderwas the spark that would lead to massive protests against the ruling military government, hastening its downfall and the future democratisation of the country. In the United Kingdom, the Labor government would be bolstered by the successful outcome, giving them the clout they need to be able to be reelected once more with their slight majority, despite the concerns. It also further showed the end for the various tinpot dictators over in Latin America without the support of certain American intelligence networks.
     
    Summer 1982: Rifle Fights
  • Summer 1982: Rifle Fights

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    Harlan Carter on the July 1977 issue of The American Rifleman
    [1]
    In Sumemr 1982, the political and cultural battlegrounds were heating up, much like the summer sun was bringing the heat over in the United States. E.T. The Extra-Terrestial is released in theaters, a film that would become one of the biggest box-office hits of the decade. The Lebanon War would begin as part of the last bits of conflicts in the Middle East. Commercial whaling has been voted to be ended within the next few years and the Falklands War ends with Argentina's defeat and the beginning of the end of the dictatorships there with the growing contempt aimed at the autocracies there. Even Chile was quite nervous, especially with the strong likelihood of the US approving sanctions against the Pinochet regime of Chile before the end of the year as a response to the heavily controversial Chilean constitutional referendum back in 1980 and increasing the chances of dissent. [2]

    However, one fascinating revolution that occurred was one closer to home... or rather a counter-revoultion. The National Rifle Association would see another leadership change, with the ousting of Neal Knox from the NRA's lobbying arm, the Institute for Legislative Action while Harlan Carter would be forced to resign in disgrace from executive director of the NRA itself during the summer. These two men were prominent in being key players in the so-called "Cincinnati Coup". Back in 1977, the two led a charge for a change in leadership, focusing on the issues of protecting gun ownership rights over the organization's regular mission of "hunting, conservation, and marksmanship". This change was the result of concern over the Gun Control Act back in 1968, which led to an increased priority on opposing further gun control laws. [3] As such, they began organizing and throwing their support to the Republican Party, especially by 1977 in their change of leadership. Unfortunately, as support for President Reagan began plummeting over the Panama crisis, his handling of the economy and the general growing loss of support, this had a negative impact over on NRA's lobbying efforts. With Reagan's brutal loss over in 1980, the NRA also found itself floundering over in its efforts to lobby Congress, especially as more and more of the NRA membership questioned the decision to enter politics in the first place. Thousands of dollars ended up being for naught and there was a sense of uncertainty.

    However, the final drop came with Carter himself. In 1981, newspaper reporters learned that Carter had been convicted of murder related to the 1931 death of 15-year-old Ramón Casiano . Being 17 at the time, Carter believed that Casiano had information about the theft of his family's car. He threatened Casiano with a shotgun, pointing at him and demanded that he return to the Carter home to submit to questioning. When Casiano refused, Carter fatally shot him. There was no evidence of Casiano with the car incident and while Carter was convicted of murder, the conviction was overturned by the Texas Court of Appeals, due to the judge having issued incorrect jury instructions regarding laws related to self-defense. [4] Naturally, when it was brought to light, much of the organization exploded in shock and horror of the notion, especially as it spread around beyond the NRA. With his reputation already damaged, the news of this conviction along with his past work in Operation Wetback painted a very unflattering and even concerning picture of his goals and agendas for the organization.

    GIven how the news media painted him as a "man pretending to be a cowboy and shooting an innocent" along with accusations of racism based on his work in Operation Wetback in light of this, this did not suit well with the moderate folk, who were taking advantage of the situation to call out Carter, Knox and their supporters for tainting the organization and wasting money in lobbying efforts. A growing number of members were threatening to leave the organization behind the whole ordeal and more and more of the hardliners found themselves becoming isolated or accusing the other, resulting in a crab bucket mentality. By 1982, many of the "Old Guard" that was still around managed to take control of the party. Carter would be forced to resign in disgrace while Knox would be fired as well, both of them among their key supporters being blacklisted. The "Old Guard" would dissolve the ILA branch that was created and reaffirmed their commitment to non-political action regarding the safe usage of firearms for all Americans. Meanwhile, the whole ordeal regarding the necessary protection of the Second Amendment would end up having a fascinating indirect consequence, mainly in the support for a potential new amendment...

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    Hope this is an adequate citation

    [1]- Picture taken from here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlon_Carter
    [2]- Information taken from here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982
    [3]- Information and sentences taken from here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association#1970s–2000s
    [4]- Information and sentences taken from here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlon_Carter
     
    1982- For Equal Rights
  • 1982- For Equal Rights

    1982 was becoming a first sign for the Udall Administrations work thus far and he was doing quite favorably to say the least. The economy was recovery and the stimulus package of giving people money for necessities did quite well, proving the concept for further testing down the line for something akin to a minimum income. Additionally, the final works were coming over his healthcare plan and a piece of legislation that would be applied first before it: The Vocational Education Finance Reform Act or VEFRA, a piece of legislature that would see see increased government investment in vocational schools and reforms on matters such as payment. The act was designed to ensure the longetivity of the American workforce by creating large subsidies and compensations for those attending and graduating vocational school as part of a means to ensure that there would be a healthy number of blue collar workers. The arrangement was the result of collaborating with prominent union leaders and analysts since the Solidarity Day march, seeing it as an opportuity to encourage and support young people in going into blue collar jobs. Additionally, the act would expand the variety of vocations supported; while potential for classes on basic coding were put into future consideration, one field that was given priority consideration was those related in the medical department. Some have speculated this was part of President Udall's greater plan for universal healthcare by growing the number of available qualified members of the medical field and make it easier. Additionall,y, it was announced VEFRA would be followed by two more pieces of legislature: one was a plan to examine and overhaul vocational education, as it was felt it was a neglected part of the education system thus far. The other was less known, but it was rumored that it would make postsecondary university heavily subsidized or possibly even free for people pursuing a career in various medical fields. However, despite their successes, in the hustle and bustle, a date had passed near the end of summer that would gather a firestorm of attention.

    The ratification deadline for the Equal Rights Amendment.

    The Equal Rights Amendment would end up just failing to pass, just 2 states short of the 38 states needed to pass for it to become an amendment. Initially seemed like destined to pass, female conservatives such as Phyllis Schlafly would mobilize support against it and would be aided by the Reagan administration though in doing so, widening the gaps within the Republican party. However, this just led to the Democrats growing further together in support of it and fighting against it. However, discussions of the amendment fell to the side as the economic troubles became the dominant discussion point among American voters and politicians. While the amendment was given an extension for the ratification dateline by Reagan as a way to avoid confronting the question, the economic troubles and other events proved to be enough of a distraction for the deadline to pass. [1]

    However, rather than disenheart people... it would regalvanze it. In fact, beyond providing a fresh shot of energy, the time that had past provided something equally valuable: perspective. Looking back at the amendment proposal with fresh eyes meant being able to rethink certain matters on it, such as sufficient coverage on certain details and how far it would go in doing so. One point of observation was looking at the history of the amendment and who supported it. Women considered of the working class actually were opposed to the amendment in its initial format. They pointed out that women employed in certain jobs needed special protections concerning working conditions, employment hours and other stipulations. In fact, this point became even more clear given how just a year prior, the Solidarity March occurred, reminding the voters the importance and the power of the working class, which included women. With this in mind, many women from various backgrounds, With new vigor along with the support of the Udall Administration and a massive hold, Congress went back into analyzing the Equal Rights Amendment in its writing along with potential challenges to show what needs to be changed.

    Beyond just reviving interest for the Equal Rights Amendment, this became one of the major factors in a brand new wave of feminism that would be established in the early 1980s, alongside with the HIV epidemic and other factors. First-wave feminism, starting in the early 20th century, focused mainly on suffrage and overturning legal obstacles to gender equality such as voting rights and property rights. Afterwards, starting in the early 1960s, second-wave feminism would broaden its issues to include discussions on sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities, namely the economic factors. However, the movement would end in the late 1970s due to the escalating divisions around sexuality and sexual activity. Arguments over the stances on pornography, prostitution, and transgender women along with the growing conflicts that minority women were once again being marginalized from discussions would cause the movement's momentum to decline, especially under the Reagan administration and the economic poblems [2]

    However, with the presence of the Udall Administration's reformative stance, there presented a unique opportunity... one to mvoe beyond the problems of the 1960s and 1970s and do more... do better. The past 20 years taught them alot and there was now the rise of a new breed of fighters, those who grew up in the Dismal Dozen, fresh and hungry for change and a better future. The beginning... of the third-wave.


    [1]: Information taken from here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment
    [2]: Information taken from here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-wave_feminism
     
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    Autumn 1982: Recovery & Reform in Midterms
  • Autumn 1982: Recovery & Reform in Midterms

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    John Zachary DeLorean (picture source in link) [1982]

    As autumn came in 1982, the people were abuzz with elections over for the midterms and with support for a modernized Equal Rights Amendment, gubernational elections were becoming more important to be examined. While the Democrats would see greater gains, the Republicans would see themselves in the beginning of an ideological civil war over the direction of the party. The neoconservatives associated with Reagan and others were fighting fiercely against the renewed liberal Republicans, led by prominent leaders like John B. Anderson and Charles Mathias, seeing it as the main way to regain the trust of their voters, especially as there was a growing sentiment of change that would be happening. However, the fight for the House and Senate was not as dramatic, if mainly because it followed the expected patterns of the Democrats maintaining their super hold or even increasing it, riding on the growing successes of the Udall Administration. The hope was clearly to gain support for the Amendment or rather its successor, with big chances looking in Udall and Askew's home states as they grow more and more support of them. This was especially the case with the economy recovering more and more, with the hopes of it being completed by next year or so.

    At the same time, various events continue to occur around the world. Weeks prior to the establishment of the first International Day of Peace proclaimed by the United Nations, the Udall Administration finalized an agreement of munitions and arms support over to the new Iranian government in their war against Iraq. It was done as a show of good faith and trust, with the hope of the Americans and Iranian nations to repair relationships and move forward to a better tomorrow, especially with further dates on visitations and potential treaties. At the same time, the Americans would indeed place their economic sanctions on Chile, the clock now ticking on how long before the regime ends up falling. American foreign policy was now focused on defense and the past showed that it was going to be more selective on how to back others down and perhaps forcing them to deal with their own affairs in differing matters.

    Meanwhile, concerns over Latin America's own debt issues, starting with Mexico, have begun causing some further concerns and for talks on the area. As such, the Udall administration would begin meeting with many others to discuss the matters over with the IMF to figure out the solution needed for Latin America's debts as Mexico was very nearly ready to default and thus a discussion had to be held on the matter. On a ligther note though, the Udall Administration would manage to arrange a deal with Torrijos over the rebuilding of the Panama Canal, financing and ownership, with Panama getting control of the canal by 2000. The Torrijos-Udall treaty went with relatively little issue, outside of the complaints of certain hardcore conservatives though those who did inviting criticism of themselves regarding the incident years prior and how that led to an economic depression that they were managing to just get out of, thanks to the Udall administration. The only noteworthy detail was on Torrijos barely avoiding a fatal accident involving a plane, something which was lightly discussed on if anyone within Panama had the aims to assassinate Torrijos, though rumors circulated that might have been Manuel Noriega, a prominent member in the military. This also led to questions on the future of Panama's leadership. Another major news was on former KGB head Yuri Andropov becoming the newgeneral secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee after the death of Leonid I. Brezhnev days prior. As such, it was believed a meeting would soon be held between Andropov and Udall.

    However, perhaps the strangest was on how US car designer John DeLorean would be arrested for selling cocaine to undercover FBI agent, though he would be found not guilty on the grounds of entrapment years later. It was the latest in a series of thoughts on how to handle the automobile market, especially with the prices of gases having taking a large toll and how the major companies were still struggling with fuel efficiency. [1] Compounding this was on a report on Climate Change back from 1979 that would be brought to President Udall's attention during them looking back at the Regaan administration. The discussion and presentation was done in good nature, to show the challenges the nation would need to face and how they owe it to future generations to ensure a healthy world for all. Unbeknowist to them at the time, 1982 would also be where scientists under the pay of the Exxon oil company reinforcing the dangers of a changing climate caused by human influence. However, as some scientists struggled with what to do with their findings, especially in the face of Exxon's decisions, the Udall adminsitration would include something interesting and what they thought was minor during some reforms: the elimination of the so-called "chicken tax", a relic from Lyndon B Johnson's time. While it was originally on potato starch, dextrin, and brandy, all of those had been removed except for the 25% tariff over on light trucks, which remained [2]. he Udall Administration decided to get rid of it as part of some reforms, seeing it as no longer needed since it was not the 1960s anymore and unknowingly getting several balls rolling.


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    [1]- Informaton on various factoids from here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982
    [2]- Information on this odd bit of history here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tax

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