Uncomparable, the dutch were extremely brutal when conquering insulindia, doing mass deportations, wiping out the entire male population of islands, by WW1-1920 the worst had already been done tbh, while abuses became public and examinated principally in the 30s.I like the dutch since they had a actual government policy dictating that they help improve the natives life (Dutch ethical policy) by investing a education and improving irrigation techniques.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Ethical_Policy
Spain just didn't control enough to be comparable to the rest post 1900, Fernando Po was also, like I said above, one of the best run colonies ever in the late 50/60s, it reached the highest gdp per capita (even if unequal) in all of africa before oil production, and primary school enrollment was above 90%, comparable to the poorest regions of spain and better than all of portugal, Rif was brutal alright, but then the Spaniards suffered as much as the Rifian there
I've gone for Portuguese. They were less racist than most, willing to let people of mixed race have full citizenship and not very powerful.
On the debit side they did hold on longer than most.
Which was mostly due to the high integration the mainland had with the colonies.
Bullshit, Portugal was like the rest, main difference is that the initial conquest was more drawn out (from the 1850s to the 1910s-1920s, suffering several setback everywhere) due to lower ressources, they were as motivated by profit as everyone else (under both Kingdom, 1st republic and Estado novo) , they gave away large part of angola and particularly mozambique to full foreign corporate exploitation, the Conquest of Angola led to a 15-20% decrease in population, comparable to a lot of other african colonies, the Portuguese had general mass forced labour for longer than anyone else (officially ending it in 1961, even france significantly curtailed it post 1945) - and when they ended it they replaced it with Mass deportation to planed towns (de facto work camps) which came to encompass 1/6 of Angola's population under the , they ran de facto slave trade from Angola with French Haiti-level mortality rate plantation in Sao tomé until ww1.
Also since this thread includes ealry 19th century, they directly oversaw the slave trade of >1.5 millions african from guinea and West-central africa during that period.
> People of Mixed race
Some dozen thousands Luso-Angolan who made up a centuries old elite (who was deeply involved in slave trade) who, when their monopolies got displaced by Settlers and Foreign companies, massively went to either colaborate with Portugal or found what would be MPLA, hardly indigenous africans really, they were as culturaly portuguese as settlers. Citizenship also didn't save 40,000 cape verdean from starving to death in the 40s, just meant they could emigrate to Brazil or the US or France more easily. And luso-Mozambican/goan/macanese/timorese were Irrelevent by the 20th century, And less than 1% of all Native african were "civilisados" who were exempted from forced labour.
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