Shuffling the pack of Henry VII's children: A timeline from September 1486
- Thread starter pipisme
- Start date
Francois I, Henry VIII invasion of France, James IV invasion of England
Louis XII of France died on 1 January 1515. Because he did not have a legitimate male heir, he was succeeded as king of France by his first cousin once removed and son-in-law, Francois I. (1)
An English army led by Henry VIII invaded France on 24 April 1516, in support of the Holy League against France. His son, Henry, born on 19 February 1516 was thriving. After winning a battle against the French, the English army captured Therouanne on 17 June, and Tournai on 19 July 1516. (2) Henry handed Therouanne over to the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I.
On 18 June 1516, a Scottish army led by James IV, King of Scots, crossed the River Tweed into England, near Coldstream. (3)
(1) This was as in OTL.
(2) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therouanne, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai.
(3) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream.
An English army led by Henry VIII invaded France on 24 April 1516, in support of the Holy League against France. His son, Henry, born on 19 February 1516 was thriving. After winning a battle against the French, the English army captured Therouanne on 17 June, and Tournai on 19 July 1516. (2) Henry handed Therouanne over to the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I.
On 18 June 1516, a Scottish army led by James IV, King of Scots, crossed the River Tweed into England, near Coldstream. (3)
(1) This was as in OTL.
(2) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therouanne, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai.
(3) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream.
James IV invasion of England
The Scottish army was 42,000 strong and the largest to invade England. It was well equipped with artillery, with eight cannon, fourb culverins (large long- barrelled guns), and eighteen smaller guns, From Coldstream part of the army went south-west to Wark. The larger part advanced north-east to Norham. They captured Norham Castle on 24 June 1516, and Wark castle was also taken. (1) From Norham, the army marched south and captured Etal and Ford castles on 27 June. (2)
(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norham_Castle, and
en.wikipedia.org
(2) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etal,_Northumberland, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Castle.
(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norham_Castle, and
Wark on Tweed Castle - Wikipedia
(2) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etal,_Northumberland, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Castle.
Last edited:
Battle of Flodden 1516
James IV had his headquarters at Ford Castle until 1 July. When he left he burned the castle down. Later that day he joined his army who were preparing an impregnable position on Flodden Hill. (1)
Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, was the commander of the English army, which was around 26,000 strong. It reached Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 26 June. It left Wooler Haugh on 2 July. (2) From there it marched east across the River Till, then turned north to the village of Lowick, and camped at Barmoor, just to the west. (3) At 5 am on 5 Juiy 1516, the English army set off south- west in the direction of Branxton Hill, about a mile and a half west of the Scottish army on Flodden Hill. (4) It was seen by Scottish mounted scouts crossing the River Till.
When James heard the news about the English army, he guessed that Norfolk's objective was Branxton Hill, not Flodden Hiil. From where Norfolk could besiege him. He could try to reach Branxton Hill ahead of Norfolk. This would mean that the Scottish army's guns would need to be unsecured from placements, mounted on their carriages and transported over rough ground. Or the Scottish army could stay on Flodden Hill. James decided to take the advice of William Graham, first Earl of Montrose, and keep his army where it was. Though the army had lost some men by sickness and desertion, it was still an estimated 34,000 strong, about 8,000 more than the English army.
In the afternoon of 5 July, the English army reached Branxton Hill. Each army was divided into four divisions. From there it advanced in the direction of Flodden Hill. When it was six hundred yards away, the Scots fired their artillery. The it was difficult to get the elevation right for firing downhill, the Scottish gunners were the very best, having had experience in adjusting their aim and getting the elevation just right. The Scottish artillery was deadly. Norfolk tried to counter with English guns, but they were firing uphill. After the artillery barrage, the Scottish pikemen charged and smashed the English lines.
The battle of Flodden was a magnificent Scottish victory, and a devastating English defeat. The Duke of Norfolk was killed, and so was his elder son, Sir Thomas Howard, though his younger son, Edmund Howard, got away and led the English retreat north-east to Barmoor. It is estimated that 9,000 thousand English were killed, a little under a third of the English army. In contrast, Scottish losses were about 3,000.
(1) See
.[/URL]
(2) See http://www.flodden1513ecomuseum.org/related-places/wooler-haugh.
(3) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowick,_Northumberland.
(4) For Branxton see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branxton,_Northumberland.
Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, was the commander of the English army, which was around 26,000 strong. It reached Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 26 June. It left Wooler Haugh on 2 July. (2) From there it marched east across the River Till, then turned north to the village of Lowick, and camped at Barmoor, just to the west. (3) At 5 am on 5 Juiy 1516, the English army set off south- west in the direction of Branxton Hill, about a mile and a half west of the Scottish army on Flodden Hill. (4) It was seen by Scottish mounted scouts crossing the River Till.
When James heard the news about the English army, he guessed that Norfolk's objective was Branxton Hill, not Flodden Hiil. From where Norfolk could besiege him. He could try to reach Branxton Hill ahead of Norfolk. This would mean that the Scottish army's guns would need to be unsecured from placements, mounted on their carriages and transported over rough ground. Or the Scottish army could stay on Flodden Hill. James decided to take the advice of William Graham, first Earl of Montrose, and keep his army where it was. Though the army had lost some men by sickness and desertion, it was still an estimated 34,000 strong, about 8,000 more than the English army.
In the afternoon of 5 July, the English army reached Branxton Hill. Each army was divided into four divisions. From there it advanced in the direction of Flodden Hill. When it was six hundred yards away, the Scots fired their artillery. The it was difficult to get the elevation right for firing downhill, the Scottish gunners were the very best, having had experience in adjusting their aim and getting the elevation just right. The Scottish artillery was deadly. Norfolk tried to counter with English guns, but they were firing uphill. After the artillery barrage, the Scottish pikemen charged and smashed the English lines.
The battle of Flodden was a magnificent Scottish victory, and a devastating English defeat. The Duke of Norfolk was killed, and so was his elder son, Sir Thomas Howard, though his younger son, Edmund Howard, got away and led the English retreat north-east to Barmoor. It is estimated that 9,000 thousand English were killed, a little under a third of the English army. In contrast, Scottish losses were about 3,000.
(1) See
.[/URL]
(2) See http://www.flodden1513ecomuseum.org/related-places/wooler-haugh.
(3) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowick,_Northumberland.
(4) For Branxton see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branxton,_Northumberland.
Last edited:
James IV, Thomas Boleyn, Thomas More, Thomas Wolsey
After his victory at the battle of Flodden, James IV returned in triumph to Edinburgh. His position in relation to his nobles was now unassailable.
Because the Duke of Norfolk was killed in the battle, he could not be held responsible for the English defeat. But there were murmurings against Henry VIII. People said that if he had not been fighting in France, and led his army into battle against the Scots, there would have been an English victory. When Henry heard the news of the English defeat, he immediately returned to France.
Before Henry left for France, he appointed Thomas Lovell, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Treasurer of the Household, and Thomas Wolsey, the Lord Chancellor, as joint regents in his absence. When he returned to England, he dismissed Lovell and Wolsey from their posts. He appointed Thomas More as Chancellor of the Exchequer and knighted him, Thomas Boleyn as Treasurer of the Household, and Thomas Ruthall, the Bishop of Durham, as Lord Chancellor.
Because the Duke of Norfolk was killed in the battle, he could not be held responsible for the English defeat. But there were murmurings against Henry VIII. People said that if he had not been fighting in France, and led his army into battle against the Scots, there would have been an English victory. When Henry heard the news of the English defeat, he immediately returned to France.
Before Henry left for France, he appointed Thomas Lovell, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Treasurer of the Household, and Thomas Wolsey, the Lord Chancellor, as joint regents in his absence. When he returned to England, he dismissed Lovell and Wolsey from their posts. He appointed Thomas More as Chancellor of the Exchequer and knighted him, Thomas Boleyn as Treasurer of the Household, and Thomas Ruthall, the Bishop of Durham, as Lord Chancellor.
Margaret, Queen of Scots, James IV
Margaret, Queen of Scots, gave birth to a baby girl on 9 July 1517. She and James named her Mary. She was their second child and second daughter. Because James was not killed at the battle of Flodden, Margaret did not marry Archibald Douglas, 23rd Earl of Angus. So their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was not born.
Though Wolsey was no longer Lord Chancellor, he was still Archbishop of York, and an important person.
Though Wolsey was no longer Lord Chancellor, he was still Archbishop of York, and an important person.
James, Duke of Rothesay, the elder son of James IV and Queen Margaret, died on 19 February 1515. He was only nine years old. He had never been a healthy child. Now hia younger brother, Alexander (born 7 Auguat 1514) was heir to the Scottish throne. Fortunately he was in good health. I don't want the next King of Scots to be a James.
Eleanor of Austria gave birth to a baby girl on 4 March 1518, after suffering a miscarriage the previous year. She and King Henry named their daughter Mary.
Eleanor of Austria gave birth to a baby girl on 4 March 1518, after suffering a miscarriage the previous year. She and King Henry named their daughter Mary.
Last edited:
Eleanor of Austria gave birth to a second son on 7 April 1520. She and Henry VIII named him Edward. Their second daughter was born on 25 July 1522, and their third son on 18 May 1525. They named them Elizabeth and Charles respectively. Meanwhile Henry had taken Mary Boleyn as his mistress in 1521. There were rumours that she had two children by him, though he never acknowledged them.
Henry died from sweating sickness on 26 June 1528. He was 32 years old and had reigned for 19 years. His eldest son, Henry, Prince of Wales, now became King of England as Henry IX. He was 12 years old, born 19 February 1516.
The proposed marriages of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, and to James Butler, Earl of Ormond fell through. She was unmarried in 1528.
James IV, King of Scots, established a central civil law court, the College of Justice in Edinbuegh, in 1524. (1) It was financed out of Catholic Church revenues as oart of a profitable agreement with church authorities,
(1) In OTL it was established by James V in 1532.
Henry died from sweating sickness on 26 June 1528. He was 32 years old and had reigned for 19 years. His eldest son, Henry, Prince of Wales, now became King of England as Henry IX. He was 12 years old, born 19 February 1516.
The proposed marriages of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, and to James Butler, Earl of Ormond fell through. She was unmarried in 1528.
James IV, King of Scots, established a central civil law court, the College of Justice in Edinbuegh, in 1524. (1) It was financed out of Catholic Church revenues as oart of a profitable agreement with church authorities,
(1) In OTL it was established by James V in 1532.
Because Henry IX was only twelve years old, a regency council was appointed to rule England. It was headed by his mother, Eleanor of Naples, and included Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk; Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk; Thomas More, and Thomas Wolsey.
Henry's step brother, Prince Arthur (born 22 July 1506), the elder son of Henry VII and his second wife, Joanna of Naples, believed he should be king because he was the elder surviving son of Henry VII. He was handsome and charismatic. Henry VIII resented Arthur and banished him from court. He was living at Middleham Castle in North Yorkshire with his younger brother Prince Edmund (born 3 September 1507). (1) They won the support of aristocracy and gentry in Yorkshire and the north of England, by appealing to their resentment of the dominance of England and south east England.
Arthue and Edmund raised an army and entered York where they received a rapturous welcome, with balls and banquets. From there they marched south. They met the royal army advancing north, at the battle of Fulbeck in Lincolnshire on 23 September 1528. (2) It was a crushing defeat for the rebel army. Edmund was killed on the battlefield. but Arthur escaped with three faithful friends on foot. They came to a farmhouse a few miles north. Arthur told the farmer who he was. The farmer and his wife gave Arthur and his friends food and shelter, and the farmer gave Arthur old clothes to wear. They resumed walking north.
(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castle.
(2) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbeck.
Henry's step brother, Prince Arthur (born 22 July 1506), the elder son of Henry VII and his second wife, Joanna of Naples, believed he should be king because he was the elder surviving son of Henry VII. He was handsome and charismatic. Henry VIII resented Arthur and banished him from court. He was living at Middleham Castle in North Yorkshire with his younger brother Prince Edmund (born 3 September 1507). (1) They won the support of aristocracy and gentry in Yorkshire and the north of England, by appealing to their resentment of the dominance of England and south east England.
Arthue and Edmund raised an army and entered York where they received a rapturous welcome, with balls and banquets. From there they marched south. They met the royal army advancing north, at the battle of Fulbeck in Lincolnshire on 23 September 1528. (2) It was a crushing defeat for the rebel army. Edmund was killed on the battlefield. but Arthur escaped with three faithful friends on foot. They came to a farmhouse a few miles north. Arthur told the farmer who he was. The farmer and his wife gave Arthur and his friends food and shelter, and the farmer gave Arthur old clothes to wear. They resumed walking north.
(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castle.
(2) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbeck.
Last edited:
When Prince Arthur was in York he stayed in the King's Manor. At a feast and ball in the Merchant Adventurers Hall on 11 July 1528 he danced with an attractive woman called Elizabeth Sanders. (1) She was a daughter of Sir Henry Sanders, a prominent York merchant, and his wife, Kate Sanders. (2) They supported Arthur's claim to the English throne, Elizabeth was 24 years old, born 2 May 1504, so she was two years older than Arthur. They talked and got to know each other. They met several times over the following days and fell in love. By the end of July they were sleeping together.
After his defeat at the battle of Fulbeck, he reached York on 29 September 1528, and went to the Sanders' house. There he met Elizabeth. He told her what had happened, and that when he was York earlier in the year, he had exchanged messages with James IV, King of Scots, his half brother-in-law, the husband of his half sister, Queen Margaret. James assured Arthur that if he ever needed it, he and Margaret would give him refuge in Scotland. He asked Elizabeth to come to Scotland with him. She eagerly accepted his invitation, and told him that she was probably pregnant with their baby, She was not absolutely sure, but her mother thought it was very likely that her daughter was pregnant. Arthur was delighted with the news.
He sent a messenger to King James and Queen Margaret telling them he was coming to Edinburgh with Elizabeth Sanders. They left York on 4 October, and travelled north on a horse each across country. After stopping for a night at Middleham Castle, they reached Ladykirk, just over the border in Scotland, on 12 October 1528. (3) They they were met by representives of James and Margaret, and escorted to Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh.
(1) See http://merchantshallyork.org.
(2) The Sanders are fictional people.
(3) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladykirk,_Scottish_Borders.
After his defeat at the battle of Fulbeck, he reached York on 29 September 1528, and went to the Sanders' house. There he met Elizabeth. He told her what had happened, and that when he was York earlier in the year, he had exchanged messages with James IV, King of Scots, his half brother-in-law, the husband of his half sister, Queen Margaret. James assured Arthur that if he ever needed it, he and Margaret would give him refuge in Scotland. He asked Elizabeth to come to Scotland with him. She eagerly accepted his invitation, and told him that she was probably pregnant with their baby, She was not absolutely sure, but her mother thought it was very likely that her daughter was pregnant. Arthur was delighted with the news.
He sent a messenger to King James and Queen Margaret telling them he was coming to Edinburgh with Elizabeth Sanders. They left York on 4 October, and travelled north on a horse each across country. After stopping for a night at Middleham Castle, they reached Ladykirk, just over the border in Scotland, on 12 October 1528. (3) They they were met by representives of James and Margaret, and escorted to Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh.
(1) See http://merchantshallyork.org.
(2) The Sanders are fictional people.
(3) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladykirk,_Scottish_Borders.
Last edited:
Prince Arthur married Elizabeth Sanders in Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh on 29 October 1529. James IV, King of Scots, gave Falkland Palace to Arthur and Elizabeth for their residence. (1) Arthur claimed to be King of England, and he made his wife Queen of England. She gave birth to a baby boy on 23 April 1529, and with Arthur, named him Edward.
Henry VIII was furious that Arthur had escaped to Scotland, and ordered James to send him back to England. James refused, but made it clear to Arthur that he would not give him any help in claiming the English throne.
(1) For Falkland Palace see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Palace.
Henry VIII was furious that Arthur had escaped to Scotland, and ordered James to send him back to England. James refused, but made it clear to Arthur that he would not give him any help in claiming the English throne.
(1) For Falkland Palace see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Palace.
Last edited:
James IV gave Prince Arthur an allowance of the equivalent of £18, 000 a year (£1,500 a month) in 2024 values. Arthur had managed to bring some money from England to Scotland. He was bored and depressed and took to drinking to drown his sorrows. But he enjoyed hunting deer and wild boar in Falkland Palace park.
His wife, Elizabeth, enjoyed gardening in the palace garden. She and Arthur were growing apart, though from time to time their mutual love was rekindled. She gave birth to a baby girl on 11 June 1530. She and Arthur named her Margaret after Queen Margaret.
In October 1528, Elizabeth's parents, Sir Henry Sanders and Kate Sanders, were among several hundred people executed in the north of England in reprisals by Henry VIII, for supporting the attempt by Prince Arthur to take the English throne.
His wife, Elizabeth, enjoyed gardening in the palace garden. She and Arthur were growing apart, though from time to time their mutual love was rekindled. She gave birth to a baby girl on 11 June 1530. She and Arthur named her Margaret after Queen Margaret.
In October 1528, Elizabeth's parents, Sir Henry Sanders and Kate Sanders, were among several hundred people executed in the north of England in reprisals by Henry VIII, for supporting the attempt by Prince Arthur to take the English throne.
Elizabeth no longer loved Prince Arthur. She wished she could stlll love him, but her love for him had gone. He told her that he loved her, but she knew it was a lie to manipulate her in doing what he wanted. We would now call his behaviour towards her coercive control. (1) He was physically and psychologically violent towards her. They no longer slept together, but from to time he came into her bedroom and forced himself on her. It was not regarded as rape, because in law husbands could not rape their wives.
Elizabeth was very unhappy and desperately wanted to leave Arthur. She wrote to Queen Margaret of Scotland who assured that she and her children would be welcome to stay at Holyrood Palace. Soon after 7 am in the morning of 25 April 1532, while Arthur was still asleep, she and her young children, Edward and Margaret, walked out of Falkland Palace to the town of Falkland.
(1) See http://womensaid.org.uk/information-support/what-is-domestic-abuse/coercive-control.
Elizabeth was very unhappy and desperately wanted to leave Arthur. She wrote to Queen Margaret of Scotland who assured that she and her children would be welcome to stay at Holyrood Palace. Soon after 7 am in the morning of 25 April 1532, while Arthur was still asleep, she and her young children, Edward and Margaret, walked out of Falkland Palace to the town of Falkland.
(1) See http://womensaid.org.uk/information-support/what-is-domestic-abuse/coercive-control.
Last edited:
From Falkland Elizabeth, Edward and Margaret travelled in a wagon south-east to Dunfermline, where they stayed the night in an inn. From Dunfermline they journeyed in another wagon south to North Queensferry, then by ferry across the Firth of Forth to South Queensferry. There they got another wagon east to Edinburgh and arrived at Holyrood Palace in the evening of 26 April. They were warmly welcomed by Queen Margaret and James IV.
Elizabeth wanted to return to Yorkshire. Her elder sister, Anne, was married to Harold Taylor. He was a farmer near the village of Wheldrake, seven miles south-east of York. (1) King James sent his messenger to Anne and Harold with a letter from Elizabeth, asking them if she and her children could come and stay with them. He returned with a letter from Anne saying that they would be very welcome.
On 9 May 1532, Elizabeth and her children were driven in the royal coach to the port of Leith. From there they travelled by ship along the coasts of Scotland and England, up the River Humber and the River Ouse to York. Elizabeth had spent the little money she took with her from Falkland Palace, so Queen Margaret gave her money for the ship and a bit more. From York, Elizabeth and her children walked to Wheldrake, and Anne's and Harold's farm. They journey from Leith took a week, so they arrived there on 16 May.
(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheldrake.
Elizabeth wanted to return to Yorkshire. Her elder sister, Anne, was married to Harold Taylor. He was a farmer near the village of Wheldrake, seven miles south-east of York. (1) King James sent his messenger to Anne and Harold with a letter from Elizabeth, asking them if she and her children could come and stay with them. He returned with a letter from Anne saying that they would be very welcome.
On 9 May 1532, Elizabeth and her children were driven in the royal coach to the port of Leith. From there they travelled by ship along the coasts of Scotland and England, up the River Humber and the River Ouse to York. Elizabeth had spent the little money she took with her from Falkland Palace, so Queen Margaret gave her money for the ship and a bit more. From York, Elizabeth and her children walked to Wheldrake, and Anne's and Harold's farm. They journey from Leith took a week, so they arrived there on 16 May.
(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheldrake.
Last edited:
When Prince Arthur discovered later in the morning of 25 April 1532 that his wife, Elizabeth Tudor, and their two young children, had left Falkland Palace, he was absolutely furious. He ranted and raved at his servants, and ordered one of them to go to Falkand town and ask if anyone knew where his wife and children were. Everyone he asked said that they didn't know. Arthur was unpopular in the town. His anger was not only wounded pride. He genuinely missed Elizabeth and their children. He evenrually calmed down and accepted that he would never see them again.
When Elizabeth told James IV and Queen Margaret how badly Arthur treated her, they were furious, James decided to end his protection of Arthur and hand him over to Henry VIII. On 27 April, he sent a detachment of soldiers to Falkland Palace to arrest Arthur. They brought him back in chains to Edinburgh, where he spent the night in Edinburgh castle. The next day he was taken under armed guard to the border with England. He was handed over to the Marshall of Berwick with instructions from King James that he be taken to Henry VIII. So he was taken by English soldiers to London They arrived at Whitehall Palace on 13 May 1532.
When Arthur was brought before Henry, he threw himself down at the king's feet. He declared his true repentance for his rebellion, and proclaimed his allegiance and loyalty to the king, He was taken to the Tower of London. On 15 May he was tried for treason at Westminster Hall, found guilty and sentenced to be executed by being beheaded. He begged to see the king. He was brought into the royal presence and pleaded with Henry for mercy.
The Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas More, was there. He suggested to Henry that Arthur be sent across the Atlantic to be governor of an English colony to be founded in North America. Henry agreed and said that the colony would be called Albion. He told Arthur that he must never return to England. If he did he would be executed. Arthur profusely thanked Henry for sparing his life. He was taken back to the Tower of London.
When Elizabeth told James IV and Queen Margaret how badly Arthur treated her, they were furious, James decided to end his protection of Arthur and hand him over to Henry VIII. On 27 April, he sent a detachment of soldiers to Falkland Palace to arrest Arthur. They brought him back in chains to Edinburgh, where he spent the night in Edinburgh castle. The next day he was taken under armed guard to the border with England. He was handed over to the Marshall of Berwick with instructions from King James that he be taken to Henry VIII. So he was taken by English soldiers to London They arrived at Whitehall Palace on 13 May 1532.
When Arthur was brought before Henry, he threw himself down at the king's feet. He declared his true repentance for his rebellion, and proclaimed his allegiance and loyalty to the king, He was taken to the Tower of London. On 15 May he was tried for treason at Westminster Hall, found guilty and sentenced to be executed by being beheaded. He begged to see the king. He was brought into the royal presence and pleaded with Henry for mercy.
The Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas More, was there. He suggested to Henry that Arthur be sent across the Atlantic to be governor of an English colony to be founded in North America. Henry agreed and said that the colony would be called Albion. He told Arthur that he must never return to England. If he did he would be executed. Arthur profusely thanked Henry for sparing his life. He was taken back to the Tower of London.