Prologue - A Monday in May
Few would have thought that the engagement between the invading French forces of
Napoleon III and the Mexican armies associated with the anticlericalist revolutionary Bentio Juarez at Puebla on May 5th, 1862 would have much impact up to present day, but indeed it did - the French quickly dispatched the Mexican battalions and rapidly advanced on Mexico City, capturing it and scattering the Liberals to every far corner of Mexico. This was the impetus needed for the junta of conservative Mexican rebels fighting against Juarez to invite Maximilian von Habsburg, an Austrian archduke and younger brother of Emperor
Franz Josef I, to take a new crown as the head of the
Second Mexican Empire under the name
Maximilian I of Mexico.
The events in Mexico before long would have a major impact beyond her borders. The successful campaigns by the
Confederate States army against the
United States in Maryland and Kentucky led directly to France, now with a strong foothold south of the Rio Bravo, to declare in tandem with Mexico its recognition of the Confederacy late in 1862, forcing the hand of the
United Kingdom and leading to the
Treaty of Havana in mid-1863, in which the United States begrudgingly recognized the Confederate independence and allowed for the secession of Kentucky and the Indian Territory into Confederate hands in return for unfettered access to the
Mississippi River and Chesapeake Bay watersheds, though it was not lost on anyone signing the treaty that it curiously contained an expiration date of fifty years hence - though at the time, everyone present presumed that diplomats would in time sort out the matter amongst themselves. French forces, meanwhile, were steeled from their experience in Mexico and returned back to Europe within a few years after the death of Juarez in battle and Maximilian's increasing comfort on the throne. When
Prussia successfully went to war with Denmark and then Austria to add German-speaking territories to her domains, France was thus confident in her ability to affect the balance of power; when war came in 1867 over the question of France's purchase of Luxembourg, opposed vehemently by Berlin, the French were badly disappointed by the tactical and technological superiority of the enemy, who drove Napoleon III's forces out of Luxembourg, captured Thionville and Metz and threatened to march on Verdun before a peace treaty transferring Luxembourg into Prussian hands along with the protectorate of Cambodia was hashed out, followed shortly thereafter by the declaration of the
German Empire in January of 1868, inaugurating a new and unfamiliar Europe in the wake of the
Unification Wars that built modern Germany and Italy.
Maximilian secured his hold over Mexico in part by aligning himself closely with Confederate interests, even allowing to great controversy an incursion into the north by former Confederate general-cum-mercenary
Nathan Bedford Forrest, who destroyed the last remnants of the
juarista rebellion but largely eroded Mexican sympathies for Richmond in doing so, further worsening matters when he was elected President of the CSA in an orgy of paramilitary violence just a year later thanks to this renown. With a pacified country, Maximilian set about with a developmentalist program known as the
Plan Nacional which built schools, railroads and industries while encouraging mass European immigration and the assembly of a grand Mexican Navy; though almost all of the programs within this plan fell well short of Maximilian's initially lofty expectations, it nonetheless proved a declaration of his regime's ambitions to modernize and centralize the Mexican state, spearheaded curiously enough by the once-rebel, still-federalist
Santiago Vidaurri, who steered Mexican foreign policy in a pro-Confederate position over most of the 1870s until his death in 1878.
This choice of cozying up with the Confederates was not necessarily intuitive; the Americans bounced back from the severe postwar economic depression with a debt-fueled railroad boom during the Presidency of
Horatio Seymour, who himself pursued a program of reconciliation with Richmond and returned to the ambitious territorial expansionism of prewar Democrats in leasing the Danish West Indies and shortly before his Presidency ended securing the purchase of Alaska from
Russia. Nonetheless, a railroad bubble that was still felt by too few people and constant fighting with Congress saw Seymour ejected for Abraham Lincoln's former Treasury Secretary,
Salmon P. Chase, who in his single term in office pursued one of the most aggressive domestic agendas in history, managing to formally abolish slavery across the United States with the 13th Amendment and restore the National Bank while financing one of the largest new navies in world history, but also presiding over a horrific economic crisis in the
Panic of 1870 which reverberated across the Atlantic and helped trigger in Europe and North America what is now known as the
Great Depression.
This was particularly bad news for the debt-addled Confederacy, which just as the Panic occurred was starting to look towards
Cuba for potential territorial expansion, and in 1872 chose to invade to "support" a pseudo-regime of West Cuban planters that wanted to maintain slavery. These planters were only in revolt in the first place due to a law abolishing slavery across the Spanish Empire passed that year by the Cortes formed out of Spain's
Gloriosa, a revolution throwing out the Bourbons in 1868 and inviting in the moderate, German and fairly apolitical
Leopold von Hohenzollern as a new King two years later, once France could no longer credibly protest. This was a massive mistake on the part of the Confederacy - President Forrest elected to lead the expedition himself, on which he would die of yellow fever along with hundreds of his men, and the Confederate forces were cut off from resupply with the sinking of nearly their entire navy by the Spanish, ending any and all kind of foreign adventurism by the CSA for close to three decades and focusing Richmond's energies inwards instead. The episode, along with crushing the ultra-reactionary Carlist insurgency in the Basque Country and eventually defeating the Cuban rebels and incorporating the Caribbean colonies as full provinces, secured Hohenzollern rule in Spain alongside the liberal but fairly corrupt system of
caciquismo run by the long-serving Prime Minister,
Francisco Serrano.
The 1870s thus reached their midpoint as a time of transition and consolidation - a new Spanish dynasty enthroned, the collapse of the Republican Party in the United States with the decisive defeats in the 1870 midterms and then the triumph of New York's young Democratic Governor,
John Thompson Hoffman in the 1872 Presidential election, the Confederacy struggling to pull itself out of international humiliation and a deep economic depression, and then the most significant event of them all: the abdication of Napoleon III on the day of his son's 18th birthday and his death a year later, auguring the reign of
Napoleon IV, the virile young symbol of France's great golden age of the late 19th century...