1. I think Clark's most likely pick would be Governor of Ohio Judson Harmon, who was a favourite son candidate at the 1912 DNC. Harmon was finishing up his second term and had previously served as a progressive member of Grover Cleveland's cabinet as attorney general. His stature and imminent retirement make him suited for the then-perception of the vice presidency as a "kicked upstairs" position. He would also suit the somewhat more conservative composition of Clark's backers compared to Wilson's.
2. Roosevelt had been a loose cannon during OTL's 1916 election and I doubt he would want a cabinet position. Maybe he would accept something just to show he's a team player in preparation for 1920. He could do well for himself as postmaster general but the party conservatives would scream bloody murder if he got the top patronage position. Given what you've said I agree Hughes is unlikely to run for re-election.
3. There wasn't a mechanism to fill a vacancy in the vice presidency until the 25th Amendment was introduced in 1967. Once Fairbanks dies the vice presidency would remain vacant for the remainder of Hughes' term. At the time, the secretary of state followed the vice president in the order of succession. Elihu Root would be a perfect match as Hughes' secretary of state given their shared support of the Preparedness Movement, although Root believed he was too old to be president by 1916 and wouldn't've run in 1920. A Hughes-Root Administration would definitely try and enter the war but they would have faced stiff resistance.
4. Unfortunately you're probably right about Roosevelt but it would be very cool to see him face off against Hearst. With Hughes and Root out, no vice president, and economically-oriented cabinet secretaries likely discredited by market instability, the Republican nominee would probably be a dark horse. Being a foreign policy-oriented Republican senator would give Philander Knox a higher stock ITTL. It would likely be enough to make him the best compromise pick over Warren G. Harding. However, the more I think on it the more likely I think Hughes would enter the war and set the Republicans up for a massive pounding in 1920.
5. With butterflies, Cox might lose one of his razor thin re-elections in Ohio and might not be a factor by 1920. Nor do I think Jud Harmon would be interested. Much like how the Ohioan Cox was picked in part to counter the Ohioan Harding, A. Mitchell Palmer might have a chance as a Pennsylvanian counter to Knox. Palmer would have had a very different career path without the Wilson Administration. Instead of being tarnished as a police state authoritarian, he would've been a strong progressive party boss. Of course, Hearst had a lot of enemies. Like Clark in 1912, he would have to immediately overwhelm his opponents at the DNC or risk a drawn out ballot process where he can't keep up his momentum. However, I think a lot of Democrats would see Hearst's neutralism as 'proven right' after a messy stalemate war and would flock to him to avenge Clark's legacy. Perhaps a Hearst/Palmer ticket? Choosing Palmer would be an olive branch to the Wilson-Bryan 'pure progressives' by the Clark-Hearst 'conservative progressives.'
I made a mock-up map too.
On the smaller points:
- Having read a bit about him now Jud Harmon seems like a reasonable and plausible choice for Clark, thanks for sharing!
- Seems like Roosevelt is likely not in Hughes' admin then, but Hughes and Root seem like they'd try to intervene into WW1 even without TR's voice swaying them.
- Totally forgot about the lack of VP succession mechanism before 1967, great point! With no VP, an economic depression, and Hughes' declining to run ... things are looking pretty bad for the GOP in 1920 even if they didn't take the U.S. to war in 1917. If they do join WW1, they're in for a shellacking of epic proportions (reverse OTL if not worse).
- I think even if Cox loses in 1916 ITTL there's a decent chance he wins in 1918, especially if the U.S. joins the war and those midterms favor the Dems. So I think Cox is likely still a factor in the 1920 Dem primary ITTL too, though not sure he can overcome Hearst. So a darkhorse or maybe a VP pick instead of Palmer depending on how things shake out?
On Teddy Roosevelt:
Sometimes "the rule of cool" is more important than plausibility. A TR v. Hearst matchup in 1920 would be one for the ages, that might be reason enough to keep Teddy around in your TL. I think Quentin suriving is sufficient explanation to enable some handwaving. That said, if he won in 1920 he wouldn't last long into the 6-year term even if he lived to take office in March 1921. And worse, I don't think the nation would be looking kindly on the GOP even without a U.S. entry into WW1. Hearst likely wins even with a neutral U.S., and almost certainly wins if we join the war. I'd hate to see the old lion go out on a loss. I almost think it's better to have him die as per OTL and exist ITTL as the great "what-if" ... "the man who would have saved us from Hearst" (depending on how a Hearst presidency goes of course, I suppose). (
see WW1 section below for more on TR)
On the 1914 Midterms:
I did a pretty rough mockup of the 1914 Senate midterms after an unmitigated Panic of 1914 crashes the economy. There were some extremely close senate races OTL that went to the Dems, but in light of the economy I think they go the other way ITTL. As a result the GOP holds CA and WI while flipping CO and NV. Dems still flip SD as per OTL. Senate breakdown is D-50/R-45 (/Prog.-1). Miles Poindexter was the only ever Prog. senator and he rejoined the GOP in 1915, making the balance D-50/R-46.
As for the House, OTL it stayed Dem even after major GOP gains due to the huge majority the Dems had won in 1912 -- the GOP could pick up 80 seats and still not have a majority. So for that reason, while I think the GOP does better than OTL, the Dems still narrowly keep the House.
See attached map.
I actually think 1916 largely goes as OTL, except Hughes wins CA, ND, and NH. Congressional elections also go as OTL but the GOP
maybeee takes the House. Due to Dem losses ITTL in 1914, the Senate ends up tied R-48/D-48 with VP Fairbanks as the deciding vote. I have no clue what that means for committee assignments and such. Technically a GOP majority but probably some sort of power-sharing agreement between the parties. And when Fairbanks dies in June 1918 I have literally no idea what happens if there's a tie in the Senate, because that's like the VP's one job and there is no longer a VP.
On World War I:
I can see this going a few ways under Hughes. Clearly, he and Root would want to intervene. If USW and Zimmermann happen as they did OTL, I think they probably get their war when they ask for it in April 1917. The problem is, I'm pretty sure if the U.S. intervenes as historically, the Entente wins WW1. That's not all bad necessarily -- this
is a U.S. centric TL after all. You don't get the brave new world of a CP victory, there's plenty to explore here even with an OTL-esque WW1 settlement...
But under Hughes I think there's a path in which Teddy Roosevelt raises a regiment of New Yorkers and goes to war one last time -- finding the glorious death he always sought in Flanders Fields. He is buried in France surrounded by his fallen brothers, with a Medal of Honor and Croix de Guerre pinned to his coffin. A life for a life, Teddy falls so that Quentin may live. His son returns from France a hero to live a life full of possibility (and probably ascend to the Presidency himself some day). Honestly I almost think that's a cooler TL than a CP victory.
Ultimately though, it depends on how you want WW1 to play out ITTL. If Germany doesn't resume USW or send the Zimmermann telegram, I think you have your plausible path to keep the U.S. out of the war even with a Hughes presidency:
"Hughes takes office in March, 1917. Sometime in the Spring of 1917 he requests a declaration of war on the Central Powers in an address to a joint session of congress. However, without any smoking gun as a casus belli there is a lot more skepticism and resistance than what Wilson faced OTL. The declaration of war passes the House but in the Senate is stopped by a filibuster effort led by Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin. The resulting delay kills momentum and sows discord. After 2 weeks of debate and mounting tension between the pro- and anti-war camps, the resolution is sent to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Democratic Senator William J. Stone of Missouri remains chairman thanks to the power sharing agreement implemented after the 1916 elections. Given cover by La Follette's filibuster, and himself being unequivocally opposed to the war, Stone effectively kills the resolution in committee. It never comes to a vote on the floor, and as each month returns worse and worse news for the Entente war effort, Stone's decision seems like a better and better one in the eyes of an already skeptical public."
Finally, a few more questions (may presently be unanswerable given butterfly uncertainties):
- Who do you think is the likely GOP VP pick in 1920? You went with Lenroot on your mockup 1920 election map, how come? Who else is in the running for the VP slot assuming Knox or Harding get the nomination (having overcome Hiram Johnson, Frank Lowden, and William Sproul)? Is Coolidge's name in the ring ITTL too?
- Besides trying to join the war, what do you think Hughes does as president?
- What the hell does President Hearst try to do in a 6-year term 1921-1927 (it's seeming increasingly likely that he wins in 1920)? You said he'd be a conservative-progressive Dem, what sort of policies do you think he'd pursue in practice in that case?
- Who are the figures likely seeking the Dem nomination in 1926 after a Hearst presidency?
- Who are the figures likely seeking the GOP nomination in 1926 after a Hearst presidency? (seems pretty clear 1926 will be a GOP victory too.)