The Czech Republic is referred to as Czechia in the short hand form.@ Super_Cool:
In normal every day speech, the United States of America are referred to as the United States or the US. Same goes for the United Kingdom or UK. The Czech Republic is known as the Czechs and the Philippines is a one word name, you just can't shorten it much more.
The Ottoman Empire may be known by many names, but I also believe it will be called Turkey and its people the Turks.